SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



THE BERNADOU, ALLEN AND JOUY COREAN COL- 
LECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES 
NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



BY 



WALTER HOUGH, 

Department of Ethnology y U. S. National Museum. 



From the Report of the U. S. National Museum, 1891. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 

iS93- 



SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



fi»2- iZ, »L. 



THE BERNADOU, ALLEN AND JOUY COREAN COL- 
LECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES 
NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



BY 



WALTER HOUGH, 

Department of Ethnology y U. S. National Museum^ 



From the Report of the U. S. National Museum, i8gi. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
1893. 






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THE BERNADOU. ALLEN, AND JOUY KOREAN COLLECTIONS; 
IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



By Walter Hough. 



Korea is a peiiiusula, with an area of about 90,000 square miles, the 
east coast being formed by the prolongation of the coast of Asia oppo- 
site Japan, and the west coast sejjarated from China by the Yellow Sea. 
On the north it is separated from Manchuria by the Yalu and Tumen 
rivers. 

The country is mountainous and not very fertile. The climate is mild 
in the southern provinces, and severe on the Manchurian border. The 
fauna and flora are temperate and resemble those of Japan. 

The coast has few good harbors, and is extremely dangerous for navi- 
gation on account of shallow water. 

Politically, the kingdom is divided into eight provinces, each ruled 
ov^er by a governor appointed by the King, from the ruling class, and 
responsible for the administration of affairs.* 

There are also four independent provinces, to which governors are 
appointed. There are about four hundred subgovernors, or magistrates, 
of districts, also appointed from Seoul. It is estimated by Soh, a native 
Korean, that there are eighty thousand Government officers in Korea. 

The population is variously estimated at from 11,000,000 to 28,000,000 j 
the former figure is probably nearer the truth. 

The people, in language and appearance, resemble the Japanese, and 
form what is known as the Koreo-Japauese stock, whose origin is Man- 
churia, which country has been aptly termed the "swarming place of 
nations.' 

Three types have been observed in Korea, the first characterized by 
short stature, yellow skin, and other resemblances to the Chinese. 
These live in the Yellow Sea provinces (Kwang-hai) nearest to China. 
The second type is also of short stature, swarthy skin, sparse beard, 
and resembles the Japanese. The third type, which is in great majority 
and may be taken as tj^pically Korean, is of large stature, light skin 
showing ruddy color in the cheeks, and has a tendency to high cheek 



* For au excelleut sketch of the laws and customs of Korea, see au article by Mr. W. 
W. Rockhill, in the American Anthropologist, Vol. iv, 1891, pp. 177-187. 

429 



430 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

bones, long face and heavy square jaw, black hair, sometimes wavy, 
and full beard. This type is found in the north province Ham-Kiung- 
do, and in the extreme south, in Kiung-s:n-do.* 

^'Among the gentry it is by no means uncommon to meet almost an 
English face, with round cheeks, small, aquiline nose, well-cut mouth 
and chin. Even a bright blue eye is not unknown, and the hair is by 
no means invariably pure black."t 

Korean cities are surrounded with heavy battlemented walls of 
squared masonry studded with portholes, but without cannon, and hav- 
ing gateways of woodwork and tile. In every respect the fortifications 
resemble those of Chinese cities. (PI. ii.) There are many strongly 
fortified hill towns for refuge of the people during invasions. Villages 
are often fortified. Outside of the villages are the pastures and farms. 
(PI. III.) 

The houses are low, of one story, thatched with straw or with tiled 
roofs. They are of stone, and in point of stability excel those of the 
Japanese, who necessarily build with regard to earthquakes. Hewn 
masonry is common, but the walls are usually laid up of unhewn stone, 
tied with millet stalks before the spaces are filled with mud. The 
windows are few in number, square, covered with paper, and run in 
grooves J outside they are protected by heavy shutters. The roof is 
very heavy, with low pitch, but does not turn up at the eaves like the 
Chinese roof. The massive beams which support the roof lose one- 
third of their value by being pared away at the ends to fit into sock- 
ets cut in the top of wooden pillars. The brick and stone work between 
the pillars do not give much support to the roof.f A small city-house 
would be built in the shape of an L on two sides of a courtyard. A 
heavy wall separates each house from its neighbor. The entrance from 
the street is into a lobby, on either side of which is the kitchen and 
store room. The sleeping and living rooms open into a wide hall or 
onto a piazza which runs along the side next the yard. Larger houses 
are more complicated, but they preserve the hall and piazza feature. 
Often a portion of the house is made of wood and used only in summer. 

Houses are heated by the kang, which consists of wedge-shaped 
flues under the stone floor, leading into a chimney. Farmers' huts are 
poor structures of stone, with the straw roof held down by a lacing of 
ropes and with the inevitable gourd vine climbing over it. (PI. iv.) 

There are three classes of people in Korea: (I) nobles; (2) middle 
class, consisting of doctors, painters, interpreters, scribes, and lower 
officials; (3) lower class, consisting of those who do manual labor. In 
the lowest rank of the last-mentioned class are butchers and tanners. 
The bulk of the population are farmers (PI. v), who raise little more 

*L^on de Rosny : Les Cor^eus. Aper^u ethnogTaphique et historique, Paris, 1886, 
1 vol., p. 90. 
t W. R. Carles : Recent Journeys in Korea, Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., May^ 1886, p. 89. 
tCarleSjloc. cit. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. 

Seoul, the Capital of Korea. 

View of the city wall and North Mountain, from the street upon which 
the United States legation is situated. ^^The walls of Seoul, like those of 
Chinese cities, are of stone, battlemented, with heavy gateways of wood 
work and tile ; the walls are studded with portholes, hut there are no 
cannon." W. R. Carles: Recent Journeys in Korea; Proc. Roy. Geog. 
Soc, May, 1886. 

(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. ^National Museum.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891.— Hough. 



Plate II. 




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EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. 

Korean Village near Fusan. 

This village is made up of small houses with thatch and tile roofs. It is 
surrounded by walls. Back of the village are farms. The lower picture 
shows the beach and the rude fishing boats. 

(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Museum.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate III 








Two Views of a Korean Village near Fusan. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV 

Korean Farmers' Houses. 

The houses are ratlier strongly built of stones set in mud; the roof is of 
thatch held down by a lacing of ropes over which a gourd vine usually 
clambers. The interior arrangement is simple, and there is always a square 
window. 

(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Mxiseum.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891, — Hough. 



* Plate IV. 


















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EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. 

Old Korean Farmer. 

In this plate is shown the costume, and the method of dressing the hair. 
The full heard is characteristic of the pure Korean. He is smoking the 
invariably long pipe and leans on a staff, 

(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the TJ. S. National Museum.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891.— Hough. 



Plate V. 




Old Korean Farmer. 



KOREAN COLJ.ECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 431 

than is required for houie consumption and the payment of the high 
taxes. Caste is very strong- in Korea. The occupations of the people 
are somewhat limited. The pedlars form a numerous and influential 
guild, and many children are engaged in this business. (PI. vi.) 

Mechanics, artisans, and tinkers, each with his peculiar outfit, are 
numerous in Korea, as in China. (PI. vii.) 

The yearly civil service examinations bring together great numbers 
of students (PI. viii) to the cax)ital city. The examinations are con- 
ducted like those of China, and the successful competitors are sure of 
official promotion. 

"Korean women have neither legal nor social standing."* 

Except servants (PI. ix), who go about bareheaded, the faces of the 
women in Korea are invisible. Women of the middle class when walk- 
ing throw the coat, with sleeves, over the head, concealing the face. (See 
female costume, p. 450.) 

In the palace there are numerous serving women who also embroider 
and sew; their costume and coiffure are shown in PI. x. A Korean 
lady is shown in PI. xi. It is highly i^robable that a closer acquaint- 
ance with Korean laws and customs Avill show that women, seemingly 
hampered by oriental ideas, are really of greater importance as a 
" power behind the throne " than has been suspected. 

"Among other inheritances from China Confucianism has effectively 
permeated Korea. Buddhism seems not to have gained much of a 
foothold in Korea and is almost entirely under ban at present. It has 
often been observed that Koreans have little religious sentiment. 
Buddhism in Korea is, curiously enough to my mind, much less like the 
form of that religion obtaining in China, at least in the church cere- 
monies, if not its dogmas, than is even the Japanese. It presents 
many curious analogies Avith the Thibetan form of Buddhism, and in the 
style of church architecture, painting, etc., it has certainly been in- 
fluenced by it. Several of the feasts are probably of Buddhist origin ; 
others are Chinese or Japanese 5 but in most of them a certain indig- 
enous element is perceptible which makes them worthy of our notice. 
The prominence given to exorcisms in Korea is characteristic of Lama- 
ism, but in no wise of Chinese Buddhism, and may have been intro- 
duced with the Buddhist religion, although I am inclined to believe 
that it is coeval with the earliest existence of this people." t 

Mr. Carles, in his excellent account of his travel in Korea, says: "Of 
superstitious observances there are many, mostly the outgrowth of 
Taoism. Shrines to the spirit of the mountains, with cairns to which 
stones are added by passers by, stand at the top of almost every ridge 
crossed by mountain paths; trees and bushes often have their branches 
laden with cotton streamers; stones or fossils of unusual shape are 



*P. Lowell: Choson^ p. 151. In chapter xv of this work appears a complete state- 
ment of woman's position in the social economy of Korea. 

t W. W. Rockhill : Laws and Customs of Korea, Am. Anthrop. April, 1891. 



432 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

placed in the sliriues, and Avhere hollows have been worn by the weather 
in sloping rocks by the roadside, every little cavity is frequently occu- 
lted by a stone placed there by suppliants for a fair journey 5 grotesquely 
carved figures called syou-sal-maki are erected at the entrance of vil- 
lages to ward oft' the evil spirits. Taoist priests offer prayers to the 
mountain sjjirits for travelers. Evidences of some other religion exists 
in the which are half-length human figures (miriok) carved in stone. The 
largest are in Um-jin, near the Keum Eiver in Cholla-do. 

Lieut. G. 0. Foulk, U. S. Navy, photographed the body and head of 
a figure 62 feet high, the cap diftering from the Buddhist figures. The 
cap is a column 10 feet high supporting a slab of the same height; a 
similar column and slab is i)laced above the latter; bells hang from the 
corners of the slabs. There are two mirioks between Ko-yang and 
Pha-ju 25 feet high. One has a round hat and the other a square one, 
showing, according to Mr. Aston, that the former is to represent heaven, 
or the male element of Chinese i:)hilosophy ; the latter, earth, or the 
female element.* 

Perhaps the first ethnological collection ever brought to the West 
from Korea was a wisely chosen series of art products, to illustrate 
social and industrial life in Korea, sent to the U. S. National Museum 
by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy, in 1884. With this nucleus, 
and the addition of the fine collection of Dr. H. N. Allen, secretary of 
the Korean legation at Seoul; a series deposited by Mr. P. L. Jouy, and 
the gifts of Mr. W. W. Eockhill, Mr. Gustavus Goward and others, the 
collection has grown in importance and interest. 

The collection has been explained and studied by Ensign Bernadou, 
three Korean gentlemen in Washington (Pom K. Soli, Dr. Philip Jai- 
sohn, and the late Penn Su), Dr. H. N. Allen, Mr. W. W. Kockhill, Mr. 
P. L. Jouy, Eev. W. E. Griffis, and others, to whom the compiler is 
grateful for information and suggestions. 

Great interest centers in Korea from the fact that ^' we have there a 
a human exemplification of the survival of the whole genera of indus- 
tries and customs, while in surrounding regions these have been swept 
away or transformed,"! for the reason that Korea pursued a policy of 
complete isolation for many centuries and has preserved the customs 
of the T'ang and Ming dynasties of China over four hundred years 
ago. 

The i)eninsula of Korea, "■ like Cyprus, between Egypt and Greece, 
forms the link between the Chinese and the Japanese civilization — the 
old and the new."}: 

The collections to be described are rendered more intelligible by 
keeping this connection in mind. 



* W. R. Carles: Recent Journeys in Korea. Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc, May, 1886, p. 
310. 

t Prof. O. T. Mason : Science, viii, Aug. 1886, p. 115. 

i:W. E. Griffis: Korea, Witliout and Within. Phila., p. 23. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. 

(On the left.) 
Boy Peddlers. The boy with the square box sells candy, or tobacco, and the boy 
with carrying frame and large basket on his back sells vegetables. These 
peddlers are omnipresent in Korea, 

(On the right.) 
Group of Boys. Children of a poor family. 

(From a photograph by P. L. Joiiy in the U. S. National Museum.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate VI. 





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EXPLANATION OF PLATE Vl-L 

(On the left.) 
Korean Tub Mender. On the carrying-frame lie has hoops of bamboo, a saw, and 
a bag containing awls, knives, etc., necessary for his craft. 

(On the right.) 
Candy Seller. The box is carried in a primitive way, by a rope passing over the 
back of the neck. 

(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Museum.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate VII. 




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EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIM. 

Korean Students and Gentlemen. 

The national costume of Korea is uniformly wMte, and is somewhat 
monotonous and cumbersome. The figure on the left of the group is in 
mourning costume. 

(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Museum.) 



Keport of National Museum. 1891.— Hough. 



Plate VIII. 




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CA^T^LOGIJE. 



AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES. 

Korea is strictly an agricultural country. The grains raised, samples 
of wliich were sent by Ensign Bernadou, are: 

(1) Millet, Ki-tjang, grown everywhere in Korea and used both as 
food and to make a fermented drink. A larger variety of millet called 
tjo is common and plentiful in mountainous districts and is a staple for 
the poor. 

(2) Sorghum, sou-son (Holeus sorghum). The seeds of a species of 
sorghum used by the poor. 

(3) Barley, porij is grown in all parts of the country. 

(4) Eye. 

(5) Eice, moip-ssalj is a staple. The variety called tchap-ssal is used 
in making cakes of dough of which the Koreans are fond; also, it is 
fermented to make soul or wine like the Japanese salci. The Koreans 
find it not so good for the table as common rice, since it does not 
readily become soft by boiling and does not expand so greatly. 

Wheat and oats are raised. 

Many vegetables are raised, chief among which are beans {pat) and 
peas (ko)ig)j the latter fed to horses, radishes, cucumbers, melons, tur- 
nips, yams, cabbage and sprout plants, etc. 

The fruits are cherries, raspberries, blackberries, api^les, i)eaches, 
plums, pears, apricots, quinces, mulberries, persimmons, oranges, lemons, 
pomegranates, grapes, and dates. 

The princii)al nuts are chestnuts, walnuts, and the water nut called 
in China ling {Trapa bicornis). 

Flowers are little cultivated, the Koreans not being proficient in 
ornamental and recreative horticulture. 

There are laws compelling the planting and protection of trees, such 
as lacquer, mulberry, and i)ine trees. The country has been almost de- 
forested. 

The domestic animals are the horse, cattle, swine, poultry, dogs, and 
rabbits. Sheep and goats are not found in Korea. 

The wild animals are the tiger, leopard, deer, bear, fox, wild boar, 
and a number of animals hunted for the fur, such as the seal and rat- 
like animals.* 



* See Griffis : Korea, p. 216. 
SM 91, PT 2 28 433 



434 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 



MARINE AND FISHERIES. 
FRESH-WATER FISHING. 

Cant hook (Sang-sun-que-nmi-soe). Wrouglit-iron hook pivoted to 
an upright iron fastening into a socket in the end of a pole. The 
lower end of the hook is formed into a ring, to which a cord was 
attached. Superior iron work. 

Length, 6^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151602 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Used on the Han River for dragging tish out of a net. 

MANUFACTURES AND OTHER ELABORATIVE INDUSTRIES. 
POTTERY AND ITS MANUFACTURE — THE CERAMIC ART. 

Korea, now known to the Koreans as Oho-son, was formerly called by 
them Korai. Tbe Kingdom of Korai ceased to exist just live hundred 
years ago; during its existence the potter's art flourished. The best 
ware was made at the city of Song-do, the ancient capital. After the 
foundation of the Kingdom of Oho-son, the people of Seoul, the new 
capital, and the people of Song-do were for a long time bitter enemies 
during tbe civil war about the year 1400. From this cause the manu- 
facture of pottery at Song-do declined until the Jax>anese invasion of 
1597, when the work ended on the transplanting of the i)otters to Japan, 
and may be said to never have been lesumed at that city. 

"The pottery in common use in Korea at the present time consists 
of three kinds; the finest of white, pale buff, or bluish porcelain, some- 
times decorated in blue and with a high glaze, is used for the table and 
consists of dishes, bowls, and bottles, also wash basins; the second 
quality is a pale-yellow ware, glazed, mostly made into bowls, un- 
decorated and used by the poorer classes. * * * The third style of 
pottery is of the commonest kind, made of dark brown or reddish earth, 
is glazed inside and out, and has little or no decoration except a wavy 
line produced by wiping off the glaze, leaving the lighter under surface 
to show through."* 

Color decoration on Korean pottery was revived about ten years ago. t 

Mainly the heavier forms survive; the source of these wares are the 
tombs, in which it was customary from time immemorial to place pot- 
tery for the use of the ancestral spirits. While the better class of ware 
was not generally buried, it is probable that the tombs of the kings, 
which date back over three thousand years (Soh), and are well known 
in Korea, contain materials for the history of art in the peninsula, and 
may prove that porcelain was invented by Korean potters. 



*P. L. Jouy: Korean Mortuary Pottery. Smithson. Rept. ii, 1888, p. 591. 
t P. Lowell : Choson, p. 171. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. 

Korean Women of Lower Class. 

A servant and nurse ; probably the wife of a farm laborer. The type of 
face is Tungusie, with high cheek bones and a slight tendency to an 
oblique setting of the eyelids. Color, dark ; stature, medium. The cos- 
tume is the ancient one prescribed for Korean mothers. (See female cos- 
tume, p. 431.) 

(From a photograph by P. L. Joay in the U. S. National Museum.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891 — Hough. 



Plate IX. 




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EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. 

Korean Serving Woman in the Palace. 

In summer costume. The hair is dressed in the fashion peculiar to court 
ladies. The coat is always white and the skirt blue. Only the royal 
family wear red garments in the palace. 

(From a photograph by P. L. Jouy in the U. S. National Museum.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891, — Hough. 



Plate X. 




Korean Serving Woman in the Palace. 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 435 

Finer specimens of Korean pottery are to be found in Japanese muse- 
ums and in various collections. Japanese wares seem to owe their 
excellence to Korean potters.* 

The glazed wares of the Song-do potteries, to be described, are seem- 
ingl}^ protoporcelain, judging from the paste, which is evidently kao- 
linic. This variety of heavy celadon, or olive-colored ware, has been 
dug up from graves in Kiung-ju or Kiou-chiu, the capital city of the 
ancient Ejngdom of Silla, which existed through one thousand years 
previous to 1000 A. D. 

Korean pe-chun (sky color) ware was much esteemed by the Chinese, 
and there is a Chinese poem dating from the latter part of the Sung, or 
beginning of the Ming dynasty, setting forth the impossibility of imi- 
tating the pe-chun of Korean pottery. The poem begins, '^ Kaoli pe-chtm- 
ja,''^ ''Korean sky-color porcelain;" ja being the Chinese yao or porce- 
lain. (Soh.) 

The mortuary pottery collection of Mr. P. L. Joay was found in 
ancient graves, containing also objects of copper, bronze, and stone. 
The pottery is of an early type of unglazed and slightly glazed (veruis) 
earthenware, of archaic shape. Some of the objects were modeled by 
hand, patted into shape by an instrument, thrown on a wheel; or, a com- 
bination of these methods was used.-)- 

The Korean potter's wheel consists of a circular table from 2 to 3 feet 
in diameter and 4 to inches thick, made of heavy wood so as to aid in 
giving impetus to it when rcA^olving. In general appearance it is not 
very unlike a modeler's table. This arrangement is sunken into a de- 
pression in the ground, and revolves easily by means of small wheels work- 
ing on a track underneath, the table being pivoted in the center. The 
wheel is operated directly by the foot, without the aid of a treadle of 
any kind. The potter sits squatting in front of the wheel, his bench 
or seat on a level Avith it, the space being left between his seat and the 
wheel to facilitate his movements. With his left foot underneath him 
he extends his right foot and strikes the side of the wheel with the bare 
sole of the foot, causing it to revolve.f 

Stoneware dish (Koriu-ji-jub-si). Dark gray paste containing air- 
holes. Slip, dull greenish gray. Shaped like a shallow saucer 
with a loAY foot ; it may be a rude cup stand. Slip corroded by 
long burial. PI. xii, Fig. 1, upper line (commencing at the left). 

* W. E. Griffis : The Korean origin of Japanese art, Scribner's Monthly, Dec, 1882. 

t P. L. Jouy, Korean Mortuary Pottery. Smithson. Rept. ii, 1888, p. 591. ''Mr. P. 
L. Jouy, U, S. National Museum, contributed a collection from the prehistoric graves 
in Korea, in which are included stone daggers, arrow and spear heads, knives, chipped 
and polished hatchets, polished jade, megatama or curved jewels, amber heads, and a 
polished stone ornament. * * * * They are a valuable contribution to prehistoric 
archaiology.'^ (Plate VI.) Report on the department of prehistoric anthropology in 
the U. S. National Museum, 1889. Report of the National Museum, 1888, p. 330. 

tP. L. Jouy. The Korean Potter's wheel. Science, Sept. 21, 1888, p. 114. 



436 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 



Stoneware dish — Coutinued. 

Heiglit, 1^ iuches; diameter^ 4| iuclies. 

Song-do, Korea. 121615 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

From the ancient potteries at Song -do. 

Wine bottle (Korm-gi-biung). Heavy vessel with neck. Has a light 
yellowish granular paste, not very hard; covered with an opales- 
cent slip showing yellow spots and dark brown i)its. PI. xii, Fig. 2, 
upper line (commencing at the left). 

Height, 10 inches ; diameter. 6^ inches ; height of neck, 3^ inches. 
Seonl, Korea. 121614 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This specimen, though i)robably four hundred years old, does not differ 
greatly in shape from the pottery now made. Dug up in Seoul. 

Wine bottle (Sul-biung). Heavy terracotta ware, covered with vit- 
reous crackled enamel of a beautiful greenish-gray tint (celadon or 
olive color). Jug-shax)ed body 5 neck, a long tube with bulbous ex- 
pansion midway. Short spout near the top of the body. Capacity, 
about 2 quarts. PI. xii, Fig. 3, upper line (commencing at the left). 

Height, 12^ inches : neck, 6^ inches ; diameter of body ; 4f inches ; of base. 3 
inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 121612 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This bottle is an obsolete form of about the twelfth century. Fine old spec- 
imens like this are valued equally with real porcelain. Pottery of this class 
is also interesting: as hinting at the origin of Satsuma ware. 

Wine cup and stand (Koriu-sul-tjan and tjan-tai). Ancient piece 
of earthenware, rudely glazed. Stand, a shallow dish with rest in 
center in which sets the cup. Cui^ represents the lotus flower ; 
lower portion of cux) prolonged to fit in cu^) stand. Glaze corroded 
by age. PI. xii, Fig. 1, lower line (commencing at the left). 

Height of stand, If inches : diameter, 5f inches. Height of cup, 2^ inches ; 
diameter, 3^ inches. 

Song-do, Korea. 121616 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This is mortuary pottery from a tomb near the ancient capital of Korea. 
From the shape and design it is believed by Koreans to be not less than six 
hundred years old. Conception and general outline good. Probably used in 
ancestor worshix). 

Bowl (Koriu-gi). Paste, coarse, opaque; under the microscope it 
shows white, porcelanous strings, surrounding granular, yellowish 
masses; there are occasional brown patches. Glaze, thin yellow- 
ish green, patchy, vitreous, and crackled. Color of ware, olive. 
^o evidences of use, as this bowl was dug from a tomb. PI. xii 
Fig. 2, lower line (commencing at the left). 

Height, 2f inches ; diameter, 5f inches. 
Seoul, Korea. 13086i 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

This bowl is of medium quality, and has the shape of common ware. It is 
about six hundred years old. Modern Korean potters can not imitate the color. 



I 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII. 
Pottery of the Korean Period; about 915 to 1400 A. D. 

(Upper line, commeDcing at the left.) 

Fig. !• Stoneware Dish. Dark gray paste; greenish gray slip; corroded by long 
bnrial. Height, 1^ inclies ; diameter, 4f inches. (Cat. No. 121615, U. S. 
N. M. Song-do, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 2. Wine Bottle. Heavy, yellowish, granular paste; not very hard; opales- 
cent slip, showing yellow spots and dark brown pits. Height, 10 inches; 
diameter, 6^ inches ; length of neck, 3^ inches. (Cat. No. 121614, U. S. N. M. 
Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 3. Wine Bottle. Heavy terra-cotta M^are, covered with a vitreous, crackled 
enamel of a greenish gray tint. Height, 12^ inches; diameter of body, 
4f inches ; diameter of base, 3 inches ; length of neck, 6^ inches. (Cat. No. 
121612, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, 
U. S. N.) 

(Lower line, commencing at the left.) 

Fig. 1. Wine Cup and Stand. Earthenware; rudely glazed. Glaze corroded by 
age and burial in the earth. Height of stand. If inches ; diameter, 5| 
inches. Height of cup, 2^ inches; diameter, 3^ inches. (Cat. No. 121616, 
U. S. N. M. Song-do, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. 
S. N.) 

Fig. 2. Bowl. Paste coarse ; opaque ; under the microscope shows white, porcela- 
neous strings surrounding granular yellowish masses with occasional brown 
patches. Glaze thin, yellowish green, patchy, vitreous and crackled. 
Color, olive. Height, 2f inches; diameter, 5f inches. (Cat. No. 130866, 
U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.) 

Fig. 3. Bowl. Opaque, gray, hard, porcelaneous paste, covered with a greenish 
transparent glaze; well crackled. Heavy ware. Height, 2^ inches; 
diameter, 5J inches. (Cat. No. 121618, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Col- 
lected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U, S. N.) 

Fig. 4. Saucer. Ancient celadon of opaque, porcelaneous, light gray, hard paste. 
Glaze thick vitreous green, crackled; the resulting combination giving 
a beautiful gray-green color resembling some varieties of jades. Height, 
li^fi inches; diameter, 5| inches. (Cat. No. 130885, U. S. N. M. Song-do, 
Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.) 

Fig. 5. Bowl. Light gray, opaque, hardi)aste covered with thick crackled, vitreous 
glaze, the color of green jade. Glaze vesicular; faint leaf tracing under 
glaze. Like 130885 in appearance. Height, 2^ inches ; diameter, 6 J inches. 
(Cat. No. 130884, U. S. N. M. Song-do, Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N. 
Allen.) 

Fig. 6. Bowl. Fine, white, hard-paste porcelain, elegant shape, light and delicate. 
Glaze slightly greenish. Wave or cloud ornamentation worked in the 
paste under glaze. Extremely rare. Height, 2,^^ inches; diameter, Trg 
inches. (Cat. No. 121619, U. S. N. M. Song-do, Korea. Collected by 
Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XII. 




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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 437 

Bowl (Koriu-gi-bo-si). Opaque, gray, hard, porcelaueous paste covered 
with a greenish transparent glaze; well crackled. Thrown on a 
wheel; heavy ware. PI. xii, Fig. 3, lower line (commencing at the 
left). 

Height, 2i inches; diametor, 5^ inches. 

Seonl, Korea. 121618 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bevnadon, U. S. Nnvy. 

Of the Koriu period. 

Saucer (Koriu jub-si). Ancient celadon of opaque, porcelaneous, 
light gray, hard-paste, covered with a thick, vitreous, green crackled 
glaze, the resulting combination giving a beautiful gray- green 
color, resembling some varieties of jade. PI. xii. Fig. 4, lower line 
(commencing at the left). 

Height, 1-]% inches; diameter, 5f inches. 

Song-dO; Korea. 130885 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

This kind of ware is often found at Song-do, the ancient capital of Koriu in 
the former dynasty, and this specimen is about seven hundred years old, possibly 
older. The shape, paste, and color indicate the ware of the Song-do potteries. 
Given by the King of Korea to Dr. Allen. 

Bowl (Koriu- gi). Light gray, opaque, hard paste; glaze, thick, crack- 
led, and vitreous, the color of green jade. This glaze is quite ve- 
sicular, having on that account a grainy appearance, a slightly pit- 
ted surface, and dull luster. A faint leaf tracery appears under the 
glaze. Thrown on a wheel. Of the simple shape still common in 
Korea. PI. xii. Fig. 5, lower line (commencing at the left). 

Height, 2| inches ; diameter, 6J inches. 

Song-do, Korea. 130884 

I Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Made in the latter period of the Koriu dynasty, about six hundred years ago. 
This ware is regarded as of very fine quality ; to its heaviness is due its preser- 
vation. 

Bowl (Koriu-gi). Fine, white, hard-paste porcelain, elegant shape, 
light and delicate. Glaze, slightly greenish in tint, likely due to 
iron; the slight crackle is not uniform and is evidently not inten- 
tional. Wave or cloud ornamentation on the inside formed by 
scraping away the paste, the indentations filling with a thicker layer 
of glaze and showing deeper tint; corroded patches on outside of 
the bowl, due to long burial. PI. xii, fig. 6, lower line (commenc- 
ing at the left). 

Height, 2j^6 inches; diameter, 7 1% inches. 

Song-do, Korea. 121619 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This ware is of the Koriu period, from the potteries at Song-do and is about 
five hundred years old. Pieces of this thin white porcelain are excessively scarce. 
The incised decoration under glaze is quite common in Chinese porcelain. 



438 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Bowl (Jil-taug-quan). Globular, dark red stoneware, glazed on tlie 
side subjected to the greatest heat. Used for boiling water, etc. 
PI. XIII, iig. 1, upper line (commencing at left). 

Heiglit, 5 inches ; diameter, 5|^ inclies ; diameter of month, 3f inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 121617 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Articles in great variety of this ware are to he had, from small howls to large 
water jars resembling a Inirrel in size and shape. The hitter aie very thin, hard, 
and well made. 

Wine bottle (Sul-biung). Heavy glazed porcelain, ornamented with 
dragon design in l^lue. Low, wide body, diminishing rather ab- 
ruptly into a tubular neck. Capacity, about 5 pints. PI. xiii, fig. 
2, upper line (commencing at the left). 

Height, 12| inches; diameter of glohe^ Scinches; base, 5J inches. 

Hoang-tjou, Korea, 1885. 121613 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Average specimen of modern Korean pottery. The Korean potters were un- 
able to impart any color but blue to their white ware up to the revival of color 
decoration ten years ago. Used in buying and selling liquors, but not at the 
table. 

Table ware (Sa-ban-sang). Heavy porcelain, covered with a patchy 
glaze of greenish hue. Consists of saucers for fish, vegetables, etc., 
bowls for same, bowls for soup, rice, stew, and water. Some of the 
pieces are signed and all show rather rude workmanship. Pl.xiii, \ 
figs. 1-6, lower line (commencing at the left). 

Hoang-tjou, Korea, 1884. 121620-30 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This is the most inferior porcelain ware at present made in Korea. More pre- 
tentious vases of antique form, in white decorated with blue, or raised figures 
if molded, are found in every house. Ware is valued in proportion to its 
whiteness and the smoothness and brilliancy of the glaze; weight is a minor 
consideration. 

Tablet (Cha-sak-biu-ru-dol). Of porcelain, with three divisions for 
mixing water colors. 

Length, 6^ inches; width, 4f inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151620 

Collected by P. L. Jonj, 

THE TEXTILE INDUSTRIES. 

The fabrics of Korea are coarse in comparison with the fabrics of 
China and Japan, and the art of stamping cloth is said to be not known 
or rather has been lost, as has that of dyeing. The cloths made are of 
silk, nettle fiber from the Bachmeria nivea^ called "■ grass cloth" or 
^' ramie," hemp cloth, and fabrics from cotton. No woolen goods are 
made in Korea, there being no sheep raised. These fabrics are charac- 
teristic; the combinations of different fibers, such as the nettle and silk, 
make serviceable goods. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. 
Korean Modern Pottery. # 

(Upper line, coTaraencing at the left.) 

Fig. 1. Bowl. Dark red stoueware. Fire glaze vernis on the side subjected to 
most heat. Height, 5 iuches; diameter, 5^ inches; diameter of mouthy 
3| inches. (Cat. No. 121617, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by 
Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 2. Wine Bottle. Heavy, glazed porcelain; ornamented with dragon design 
in blue. Height, 12^ inches; diameter of globe, 8^ inches; diameter of 
base, 5i inches. (Cat. No. 121613, U. S. N. M. Hoang-tjou, Korea. Col- 
lected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 
(Lower line, commenc-ing at the left.) 

Figs. 1-6. Table Ware. Heavy common porcelain, covered with a patchy glaze of 
faint green tint. Base rough, covered with kilu sand. A few pieces are 
signed. In order, these dishes are cup for pickle, with lid; saucer for 
iish or meat; bowl for stew; bowl for soup; rice bowl and bowl for water 
or gruel. (Cat. No 121620-30, U. S. N. M. Hoang-tjou, Korea. Col- 
lected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XIII. 






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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 439 

Silk (Hang-na). One of the best fabrics made in Korea. 

Au-tjou, Korea. 7907 H 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This cloth is used by the nobles and rich for light summer garments. 

Thin cloth (Saing-tcho). Made of silk and nettle fiber. 

Tchou-tjou, Korea. 7907 H 

Collected by Ensign .1. B. Bernadou, U. 8. Navy. Used foi- light summer 
clothing. 

Grass cloth (Mosi). Made from nettle fiber. 

Province of Chong-Chong, Korea. 7907 H 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Cotton and silk (Tjo-tjok). 

Province of Kyong-sang, Korea. 7907 H 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Hemp cloth (Pouk-po). Three grades of serviceable unbleached cloth. 

Province of Ham-Kyong, Korea. 7907 H 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. Used for mourning garments. 

Cotton cloth. 

Korea. 7907 H 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 
Made in four of the eight provinces. 

Silk (Syo). Creamy yellow pongee like that made in all parts of Korea. 

Korea. 7907 H 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 
The man's robe. No. 77099, p. 452, is made of this silk. 

Grass cloth (Be). Coarse goods made from the ramie nettle. 

Length, 54 feet; width, 14|^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130859 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Serviceable cloth for mourning dresses and for underwear. Presented by the 
King to Dr. Allen. The Koreans have an expeditious process for rotting the 
hemp used for making fabrics. ''At the bottom of a large pit paved with 
stones, heated stones are placed. Bundles of hemp are pressed down on the 
stones and kept in position by stakes, the heads of which are above ground. 
On the hemp piles of grass are thrown, and the grass is closely covered with 
earth. The stakes are then withdrawn, and water poured through the holes. 
From the steam thus produced hemp is rotted in twenty-four hours."* 

Silk (Saing-miun-jn). Fabric of raw silk of medium quality. 

Length, 30 feet ; width, 12 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130861 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Material for summer dress; starched and laundered it is used for winter wear. 

Silk (Gop-saing-cho). Fine fabric of medium quality. 

Length, 51 feet; width, 14 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130862 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

For outer garments and underwear worn in summer. Woven in southern 
Korea. 

* W. R. Carles : Recent Journeys in Korea, Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc, May, 1886, p. 304. 



440 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Linen (Saing-mo-si). Fine unbleaclied ramie clotli. 

Length, 35 feet; width, 14^ inches. 

Seonl, Korea. 130860 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Used for dresses of both sexes. Produced in southern Korea. 

Quilted silk (Pil-iin-bi). Piuk; lined with wliite silk, stuffed witli 
cotton. Quilted one way, the seams being narrow. Done by hand 
in the palace. The quilting is made to stand up pi'ominently by 
running the narrow seam iron (into) along the seams. 

Length, 7 feet 7 inches; width, 13^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130857 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Made into dresses for young men and women. 

PAPER MANUFACTURE. 

Pai)er is made in Korea from the bark of the talc tree or paper mul- 
berry. The shoots of this tree are cut early in the fall; they are at 
once steamed, stripped, and the dark outer coating (used in making in- 
ferior paper) is scraped oft' and the strips are dried. When ready to 
make the x>aper, these strips are sprinkled with water and pounded 
with stones to separate the fiber. They are then boiled in weak lye 
and the mass afterwards steamed and washed clean in fresh water. 
The stems of a plant called tah poul, which is cultivated for the pur- 
pose, are macerated and boiled. The strained liquor is then mixed 
with the fiber already prepared and water added until it is of the 
proper consistency. From this paste paper is made by catching a film 
on the surface of a bamboo screen by a quick passage of this through 
the pulp. The successive sheets are piled up and separated at one end 
by straws. 
Mulberry paper (Gam-so-miung). Thick, unglazed; made from 

mulberry bark. Very tough, even with the grain tearing with 

great difficulty and running in wide shells. 

Length, 43f inches ; width, 29^ inches. 

Seoul Korea, 1885. 77069 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Korean paper is even tougher than the Japanese, and is one of the few Korean 
things that had made a reputation in the world before its home had become 
truly a part of the community of nations. (Percival Lowell: Choscin, p. 315.) 
It is used in several thicknesses to make armor and was exported to Japan for 
that purpose^ also to China, where it is now used for garment linings. Used 
in civil service examinations. Taken in payment of tribute by the Government 
and generally used as currency by the people. 

Writing paper and envelope. Roll of mulberry x)ai)er in sheets; 
j)asted at edges. Fiber, long and silky. 

Sheets 15^ inches long, 9 inches wide. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77031 

Collected by Ensign J, B. Bernadou, IT. S. Navy. 

Used in writing to a distant place. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV 

Korean Household Furniture. 

Cabinet and Writing Desk. Front of persimmon wood, hidden portion of pine. 
Seven drawers of different sizes; two doors closing a recess. Fittings, 
brass ; the 'key plates on the upper drawers and the doors represent bats, 
the bodies of which turn aside showing the key holes. Locks, somewhat 
like European pattern, but the key turns in opposite direction. Height, 
23 inches; length, 34 inches; width, 13^ inches. (Cat. No. 77009, XT. S. 
N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891.— Hough. 



Plate XIV. 




KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 441 

Oiled paper (You-tchi). Prepared by steeping sheets of mulberry 
paper in sesamum oil. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77068 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

House fittings are made of oiled paper; it is used in place of glass for win- 
dows, to cover the floors of rooms heated by the Kaug or furnace under the 
house, for liats, rain coats, fans, etc. 

THE HOUSE AND ITS ACCESSORIES. 
FURNITURE OF THE DWELLING HOUSE. 

THE SLEEPING ROOM, ETC. 

Inlaid chest ( Ja-ga-son-que). Wood covered with a thin, brownish 
black lacquer incrusted with mother of pearl. Lid decorated with 
long life and happiness character (su-bug) and with branches of 
peach tree, cranes, and clouds (emblems of longevity). On the front 
is an archseic scene of deer, tortoises, cranes, peach and pine trees, 
etc., also emblems of longevity. Korean brass lock and key. 

Length, 18^; width, 11^; height. 12 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151621 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Table (So-ban). Small twelve-sided wooden table with four legs; 
painted black. Used by one person. A very poor specimen. 

Height, 10 inches ; diameter, 15 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 128410 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Among many Eastern nations custom demands that individuals should be 
served separately ; hence the nests of boxes in Japan and India or sets of dishes 
as in Korea. 

Cabinet and writing desk (Moon-gap). Front of persimmon wood ; 
hidden portions of pine. Seven drawers, two doors, the latter 
closing a recess. Three other openings in the front are for display- 
ing small articles. The key plates are brass bats, the bodies of 
which turn aside disclosing the keyholes. Locks like our drawer 
locks with bolt and spring together, but the key turns to the 
right in locking. PL xiv. 

Height, 23 inches; length, 34 inches; width, 13^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77009 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou. U. S. Navy. 

Cabinet (Mu-ri-jang). Dark redwood veneer j imported from China; 
brass-work on corners, edges, hinges, and i)anels. It contains 
twenty-five drawers, most of which are inside the sliding doors. 
Locks swing on a hinge at edge of one door, and bolt into staple on 
the other door. Keyhole on under side of lock; key like a pair of 
tweezers, and unlocks by pressing together the catch-springs on 
each side of the bolt. Lock fronts, niello work of silver on copper 



442 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUBEU?I, 1891. 

Cabinet — Continued. 

with black enamel; design, the ''double joy;" character sur- 
rounded by a Grecian border. PI. xv. 

Height, 44 inclies; widtli, 30 inches. 

Deptli, 24 inches, 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77008 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, U., S, Navy, 

A very skillful piece of joinery; remarkably good considering the inferior 
tools and lack of accessories in Korea. Used by children and sometimes by ladies 
as a receptacle for jewels. 

Leopard Skin, (Ho-rang-i-ka-juk). Used for covering officers' Sedan 
chairs and for other purposes. 

Length, 52 inches ; width, 24 inches 

Seoul, Korea, 

Collected by Dr, H, N, Allen. 

Red Mattress (Yo) and Square Mat (Bang-suk). Stuffed with hair 
and covered with red woolen fabric embroidered iu bright-colored 
silks. Edged with green satin and lined with blue satin. 

Length of mattress, 6 feet 9 inches; width, 35 inches. Mat, 35 inches square, 
Seoul, Korea, 130853 

Collected by Dr. H, N, Allen. 

A present from the King of Korea to Dr, Allen. These two pieces are a set for 
a lady's drawing room, and correspond to our sofa and chair. 

Green mattress (Yo) and square mat (Bang-suk). Stuffed with hair 
and covered with green woolen cloth, embroidered in bright colors. 
Bordered with changeable silk and lined with blue brocade. Yery 
good workmanship. 

Length of mattress, 5 feet 7 inches; width, 33 inches, 

Seoul, Korea, 130853 

Collected by Dr, H. N. Allen. 

A present from the King. Such bright colors are generally used by ladies. All 
the materials are native except the woolen cloth. Made in northwest Korea, 

Pillow (Be-ga). White cotton cylinder stuffed with hair. Ends em- 
broidered with swans and flowers in bright colors. 

Length, 22 inches ; diameter, 4^ inches, 

Seoul, Korea, 130852 

Collected by Dr, H, N. Allen. 

Small pillow for children. When in use it is covered with a slip of cotton in 
winter and linen in summer. The ends of pillows are usually of wood, inlaid, 
and constitute some of the best M'^orks of art among the Koreans. (See PI, xxii,) 

Blind (Bal). Made of fine splints of bamboo strung together with silk 

thread and painted with black figures. It is the size of the Korean 

window, viz: 

Length, 5 feet 7 inches; width, 4 feet 8 inches. 

Cholla-do, Korea. 130887 

Collected by Dr, H, N, Allen. 

The jnovince of Cholla-do is noted for its skillful bamboo workers. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. 

Korean Household Furniture. 

Cabinet. Veneered with dark red Chinese wood; ornamental brass- work trim- 
mings. It contains twenty-five drawers, most of which are inside the 
sliding doors. Lock fronts, niello work; design, the ^^ double joy" char- 
acter surrounded by a Grecian border. A superior piece of cabinet work. 
Height, 44 inches; width, 30 inches; depth, 24 inches. (Cat. No. 77008, U. 
S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XV. 




Korean Cabinet. 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 44 



Q 



Window shade (Bal). Plain and colored slivers of bamboo joined 
closely at intervals witb a warp of green cotton twine. Black bam- 
boo rods at top, middle, and bottom. A straight line ornament is 
painted in the center and surrounded by a Grecian fret border. 

Length, 4 feet 3 inches; width, 4 feet 8 Indies. 

Province of Cholla-(h), Korea. 77021 

Collected hy Ensign J. B.-Bernadon, U. S. Navy. 

Very pretty; of snperior workniansliij). Tlie A-ery fine splints are seen red hy 
hoiling the bamhoo. 

Rush mat (Jot-ja-ri). Striped green, purple, and red. Hemx^warp; 
rush woof, forming fringe at side of mat. Made by hand on a 
weighted loom. 

Length, 6 feet; width, 2 feet. 

Seonl, Korea, 1885. 77010 

Collected hy Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Used in summer for covering beds and floors. In Japan the standard mat is 
6 hy 3 feet. 

Spittoon (Ta-gu). Cylindrical cup of brass ware with a slanting cover 
having an orifice about 1 inch in diameter. Placed in the parlor or 
near the table at meal times. 

Height, 2| inches ; diameter, 2f inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130843 

Collected hy Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Lantern cover (Dung-roug-ni). Made of red and blue silk; mouth 
has a gathering string. 

Length, 46 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130864 

Collected hy Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Probably used in a private house, though this kind of cover is generally 
used for the lanterns of high officers. 

THE KITCHEN AND DINING ROOM. 

KiCE POT (Gob-dol-sot). Lenticular vessel of black soapstone, wdth 
lid. PI. XVI, fig. 1 (commencing at the left). 

Diameter, 15 inches; height, 6^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130883 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Used also for general cooking. The Koreans like this kind of boiler, as 
those of iron are too common. Given by the King to Dr. Allen. 

Cooking pot (Sin-syol-lo). Soft, green, micaceous stone, blackened and 
polished on the outside. It consists of a lid, bowl, and furnace 
combined, and a detachable base or ash box. In the center of the 
bowl is a tubular furnace extending up through a hole in the lid, 
which fits closely around its rim. The furnace has round holes in 
the bottom and the ash-box has an opening for draft at the side. 
Food is placed in the bowl and coals are put into furnace. Such a 
vessel is commonly used for frying meat when several friends as- 



444 REPORT OF ^^ATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Cooking pot — Contimied. 

semble and cook this portion of their food according to a Korean 
custom. PI. XVI, fig. 2 (commencing at the left). 

Diameter of bowl, 8^ inches ; deptli, 2f inches ; height of pot, 7^ inches. 
Seoul, Korea. 77054 

Collected l»y Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. Exactly this form of pot 
is nsed hy the Chinese for making a drink hy infusion of various herbs, etc. 
This pot is used for soup, stew, etc. The more primitive Korean sin-syol-lo is a 
shallow soapstone pot, with a wide, slanting rim. Soapstone vessels are more 
highly prized in Korea than pottery, and a gift often given l)y the King is a 
valuable stone cooking pot. 

Cooking pot (Bung-gu-gi-gol). Circular, soapstone vessel shaped like 
a hat; the slanting rim merges into the shallow bowl. PI. xvi^ fig. 
3 (commencing at the left). 

Diameter, 8^ inches ; depth, 2| inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 1.51634 

Collected by P. L. Jony. 

This pot fits upon the simple charcoal furnace. Meat, etc., are placed on the 
rim and the juice is collected in the bowl where vegetables are cooking. 

Chopsticks (Tjo-ka-rak) and Spoon (Son-ka-rak). White brass. Chop- 
sticks square and heavy; spoon shallow; wide bowl. 

Chopsticks, 8 inches long; spoon, 9 inches long. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77042 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Bowl, spoon, and chopsticks resemble those used in China in making offerings 
of incense. Used by the poor. 

Rice bowl (Sapal). Of white brass, with lid; turned or ''spun.-' 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77037 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Resembles a Chinese incense bowl. The white metal used in making the 
alloy comes from China; the copper is Korean. 

The following individual set of brass, collected by Dr. Allen, consists 
of seventeen dishes of eight different shapes and sizes. They form the 
dinner set used by a man in winter; the dishes having lids. Korean 
brassware is very good and neatly made by the process known as '' spin- 
ning." At certain seasons of the year ''brass markets" are held in 
Korea and great quantities of this ware find a ready sale. It is the 
custom to scour the dishes with stone dust and to wash them often in 
water. 

Bowls (Jong-ja). Brass, with lid. Set of three for condiment and 
sauces such as salt sauce, vinegar, and red pe])per. 

Diameter, 2| inches ; height, H inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130903, 130904, 1.30905. 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Tea bowl (Da-jup). Brass; the largest bowl in the set. 

Diameter, 6f inches; height, 2^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130890 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

This bowl is for a drink made from parched rye, taken at every meal instead 
of tea and coffee, neither of which beverages do the Koreans drink. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. 

Korean Stone Cooking Vessels. 

(Commencing at the left.) 

Fig. 1. Rice Pot. Lenticular vessel of black soapstone, with lid. For boiling nee 
and general cooking. Height, 6i inches; diameter, 15 inches. (Cat. No. 
130883, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.) 

Fig. 2. Cooking Pot. Soft, green micaceous stone (soapstone) blackened and pol- 
ished. Detachable base; bowl with central furnace; lid with lugs, 
tightly fitting around opening of furnace. Height, 7^ inches; diameter, 
8| inches. (Cat. No. 77054, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by 
Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 3. Cooking Pot. Circular soapstone vessel shaped like a hat; the slanting 
rim merges into the shallow bowl. Fits upon the charcoal furnace. 
Diameter, 8i inches; depth, 2i inches. (Cat. No. 151634, U. S. N. M. 
Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 



fieport of National Museum, 1891.— Hough. 



Plate XVI. 




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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 445 

Bowls (Jo-chi-bo). Brass; similar to the tea bowl. Used for stew. 

Diameter, 4^ inches ; heiglit, 1| inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130893, 130897 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Saucer (Ja-ban-jup-si). Brass; with lid. For dry salt fish and meat. 

Diameter, 3| inches ; height, 1^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130895 

Collected hy Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Soup bowl (Tang-gi). Bell-shaped; brass; with lid. Smaller than the 
rice bowl. 

Diameter, 4| inches; height, 3 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. " 130892 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Used by both sexes. 

EiCE BOWL (Ju-bal). Bell-shaped; brass; with lid. Used by men 
alone, the ladies' rice bowl being of a different shape. 

Diameter, 5^ inches ; height, 3f inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130891 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Saucer (Sang-sun-ga-i jup-si). Brass; with lid. For cooked fish. 

Diameter, 3f inches; height, 1^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130896 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Bowl (Ohim-cha-bo). Brass ; cup-shaped, with lid. For pickles. 

Diameter, 3f inches ; height, 2^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130902 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Korean pickles are not so salt as those eaten in the United States. They are 

a constant article of the Korean menu. 

Tray (Jang-ban). Circular; brass. Used by the servant at table. 

Diameter, 7^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130890 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Saucer (Na-mool-jup-si). Brass; with lid. For all kinds of vegeta- 
bles. Sometimes from one to three different kinds of vegetables 
are placed in the same dish. 

Diameter, 3f inches ; height, 1| inches. 

Seoul, Korea. . 130899 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Saucer (Jut-jup-si). Brass; with lid. For salt meat or fish (not dry) ; 
sometimes for raw oysters. 

Diameter, 3f inches ; height, 1^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130898 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Saucer (Gu^i-jup-si). Brass; with lid. For beef or chicken, the regu- 
lar dinner dish. 

Diameter, 3f inches ; height, 1^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130901 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 



446 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Saucer (Gint-goo-i). Brass; with lid. For game or some rare meat. 

Diameter, 3f inclies ; height, 1^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130894 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Saucer (Na-mool-jup-si). Brass; with lid. For some rare vegetable, 
either cooked or served as a salad. 

Diameter, 3f inches; height, 1^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130900 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Bowl (Hah). Circular; brass; with lid. For holding cakes. 

Diameter, 4 inches ; height, 2i inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130906 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. - 

Saucer for wine cup (Jan-ba chim). Brass plate on which the wine 
cup is placed on the anniversary of the death ot the ancestor. 

Diameter, 4f inclies. * 130903 

Seoul, Korea. 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Bowl (Ba-ri). Globular ; brass ; with lid. 

Diameter, Scinches; height, 4 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130907 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Used by a little girl in winter for rice. 

Axe (Dok-ki). Iron. Narrow, wedge-like blade. Curved poll with 
narrow face. 

Length, 7^ inches; width, 2^ inches. 

Fusan, Korea. 129495 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Generally used in timbering. 

THE LAUNDRY. 

Seam iron (In-to). Bar of iron terminating in a head, set into a 
wooden handle. Rude, chisel ornamentation on bar. Eesembles 
a soldering iron. PI. xvii, upi^er figure. 

Length, 12f inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77026 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Used to iron down seams of clothing or for creasing quilted work. 

Ironing sticks (Pang-mang-i). Hardwood sticks shaped like a base- 
ball bat, used for ironing or mangling clothes. PI. xvii, lower 
figure. 

Length, 16f inches; diameter, 1 inch. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77027 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Winter clothes are ripped apart for washing, boiled in wood-ash lye, beaten 
on stones in streams, starched with rice starch, dried, piled in heaps, and finally 
pounded over a wooden roller with clubs till the fiber takes on a remarkable 
gloss and pliability. The parts are sewed together and the seams ironed down 
with the seam iron. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVM. 

Korean Domestic Appliances. 

(Upper figure.) 
Fig. 1. Seam Iron. Bar of irou terminating in a slioe-sbapecl head, set into 
wooden handle. Rnde, chisel ornamentation on the bar. Resembles a 
soldering iron. Length, 12| inches. (Cat. No. 77026, U. S. N. M. Seonl 
Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

(Lower figure.) 

rig. 2. Ironing and Mangling Sticks. Hard wood, in shape of base-ball bats; 
used for ironing or mangling clothes. Length, 16f inches; diameter, 1 
inch. (Cat. No. 77027, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign 
J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 



I 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XVII. 




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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 447 

Image of an animal (Soe-inal). Rudely made of iron. 

Length, 7 inclies.- 

Seoul, Korea. 151603 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Seems to represent a four-footed animal of no particular species. May be a 
rest for the iron. 

Basket (Gha-mong'). Consists of two oblong portions, one slightly 
larger and used as a lid for the other. Made of wicjker j covered 
with oiled paper. Used for holding laundry, etc. 

Length, 23; width, 11; height, 9 inclies. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

COSTUME. 

children's COSTUMES. 

The following articles of apparel constitute the best or holiday dress 
of a boy : 

Robe (Tou-rou-niak-i). For a young boy. Made of coarse red cotton, 
straight cut; blue tying strings. 

Length, 26 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77072 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This robe is worn over the coat with banded sleeves. 

Waist (Pai-tja). Blue silk, lined with red linen; sleeveless. Fastened 
by a loop and knot. 

Length, 13^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77075 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by boys over the robe. A band of red brocaded silk across the back 
bears gilt characters which mean, "Have consideration for others; be just; be 
moderate in your desires," sentiments early taught Korean children. 

Outer garment (Tyen-pok or Kwa-ja). Thin, blue, brocaded Obinese 
raw silk stuff, with tying strings of silk. Short slash on either 
side 5 long slash in back. Three small embroidered bags with tas- 
sels are sewed to the band across the shoulders. Worn in summer 
by boys. 

Length, 26 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77077 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The Koreans say that there are three spirits who enter the world at the same 
time with a child to guard him during childhood. Hence the three bags are 
sewn to the waistband. They contain cotton, and sometimes a lock of the 
child's hair. 

Child's leGtGINS (Haing tjon). Red cotton, tied on above the socks. 

Length, 10 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77074 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 



448 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 



Trousers (Patji). Pongee silk lined with white cotton. Tied at waist 
and ankles. 



Waist, 21 iuclies ; leg, 23^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 7707 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernaclou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn on holidays by young boys. 



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Jacket (Sak-dong-tjo-ko-ri). Light green silk faced with blue; line 
with coarse muslin. Sleeves^ nine bright colored bands of ribbon. 
Collar, faced with line grass cloth (mosi); tying strings, scarlet silk. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77111 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Holiday dresses of boys and girls are made with sleeves like this. 

Socks (U-rin-a hi-po-syon). Two thicknesses of coarse muslin; heels 
projecting; toes sharp and curved upward; tying strings midway 
of back. Instep clocked in colored silks. 

Length, 6 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77073 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by a small child. Made with regard to shape of the shoe and not of 
the foot. 

Hair ribbon (Tang-keui). Purple grenadine folded to point at top 
and sewed part of the way down. Column of gilt characters. 

Length, 14 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77078 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Tied to the hair plait. The characters mean, " Long life; riches be be- 
queathed." The seven dots in the circle represent the stars in the "dipper," 
and are a charm to insure the wearer many children. 

Ornamental hood (Gool-ne). Skeleton hood of colored silk, em 
broidered with characters and decorated with beads, artificial 
pearls, etc. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77079 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by either sex. The characters mean ''Long life, riches, health, and 
happiness." The black ribbon is removed when the child becomes able to 
speak. m 

Child's shoes (Got-tan-hya). Ked leather with green and yellow 
leather foxings. Upper and sole joined together from the outside. 

Length, 64^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. • 77081 

Collected by Ensign J. B.. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Child's sandals (Sag-jip-sin). Sole woven of hemp; sides of red, 
white, green, and yellow twisted paper strings. 

Length, 6 inches. 

Collected by W. W. Rockhill. 

Generally worn by children in very poor families. 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 449 

Cotton bag (Sam-sung-ju-mu-ni). Yellowish cottou stuff lined with 
blue cloth ; folded at mouth and supplied with a green silk string. 

Length, 6 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77023 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadoii, U. S. Navy. 

Worn under the outer garment and used as a purse or pocket. 

women's costumes. 

Quilted jacket (Nou-pi-tjo-kou-ri). Orange silk faced with purple, 
lined with fine cotton cloth and quilted with thin layer of silk wool. 
Worn by women in the spring. 

Length, 8 inches; waist, 15 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77107 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Beruadou, U. S. Navy. 

Shoet jacket (Tjok-sam). Fine grass cloth (mosi). Buttoned at 
the neck with knot and loop. 

Length, 84- inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77108 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Beruadou, U. S. Navy. 

The lower class of women in Korea usually leave the breasts uncovered. 
This form of dress is said to have been devised to facilitate child nursing. (See 
PL VI.) 

Waist band (Ho-ri-theui). Wide band of white cotton; lined. Two 
tying strings. 

Length, 37^ inches ; width, 9^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77103 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Beruadou, U. S. Navy. 

The girdle holds uj) the inner drawers and supports the strings of the other 
garments. 

Outer drawers (Ko-tang-i). Muslin; gathered at waist. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77100 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Every Korean lady wears not less than four body garments. 

Outer drawers (Tan-sok-kot). Coarse grass cloth (mosi) made from 
nettle fiber. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77101 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Inner drawers (Sok-sok-kot). Bleached cotton ; divided skirt type, 
having a division in the hem cutting the garment into two very 
wide portions. Tying strings on the left side. 

Waist, 32 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77102 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Dress skirt (Mo-si-tch'-ima). Azure linen stuff; eight bread ths 
gathered at the waistband. Open like an apron; hem tarned up 
and pasted. Tying strings, white. 

Waist, 33 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77104 

SM 91, PT 2 29 



450 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 



Dress skirt — Continued. 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Korean women tuck the folds of this skirt into the waistband while wall 
ing. The appearance of this garment has led Korean women to say that thef 
dress like western women. 

Long coat or veil (Tjang-ot). Made of green, brocaded silk, linec 
with mnslin. Collar and cuffs faced with white cotton. Two pairs 
of tying strings. 

Length, 51 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77094 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou. U. S. Navy. 

This coat is trimmed by a fixed pattern and is invariably worn by women of 
the middle, and often of the lower class, while outside of the house. It is 
merely thrown over the head and conceals the face from strangers. There is a 
legend that a Korean King commanded women to wear blue soldiers' coats, so 
that on the approach of the enemy the men could seize these coats and at once 
become soldiers. After the King's death, the style of coat became fixed in the 
green, brocaded silk, tjang-ot. 

Under stockinos (Po-syon). Coarse cotton, doubled ; sharp toes and 
projecting heels. They differ from men's socks in not being padded 
with cotton. 

Length, 8 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77106 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn under the thicker stockings. 

FiNGrER RINOS (Ka-rak-tji). Of pewter. Worn in pairs on the ring 

finger by married and single women. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77109 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Nav^y. 

Hairpin (Pin yo.) Of pewter, with a projection at one side of the head, 
like the Korean needle. 

Length, 7 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1888. 77046 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Short hairpin (Tong-kot). Of pewter, with a knob and short neck at 
the side of the head. 

Length, 3 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77114 

(Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This style of pin is worn by married men and women, though not an invaria- 
ble custom with the men. 

Women's shoes (Un-hin). Tippers of blue cloth, lined with ass skin; 
bound with white leather; soles, rawhide. White leather scrolls 
ornament toe and heel. Keatly finished and ornamented. PI. xx, 
fig. 1, lower line (commencing at the left). 

Length, 8^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77016 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by all ladies, except widows. 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 451 

Winter hood (Nam-pa-oui). Purple, brocaded silk, lined with scarlet 
felt and trimmed on edges with black fur. Open at top. PI. xix, 
fig. 1, middle line (commencing at the left). 

Width, 15 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77080 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by women, young ladies, and children in winter. A similar hood is 
worn by men under the hat. 

Lady's hood (Nam-ba-we). Changeable, green silk, lined with woolen 
stuff. Trimmed around the lower edge with black fur. Eed cord 
with fringed ends at the top. 

Length, 14 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. ' 130856 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Worn by young ladies and children in winter to protect them from cold. 
Men sometimes wear a similar hat covered with black cloth. This style came 
into use a number of years ago. 

men's COSTUMES. 

The following specimens are of summer clothing, differing from the 
winter garments in not being padded with raw cotton : 
Inner jacket (Tjok-sam). Of coarse cotton, with rolling collar and 

two pairs of tying strings. Sleeves large and square, with gussets 

in the armpits. 

Length, 31^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77110 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Trousers (Pa-tji). White cotton, lined with coarser material. Very 
large. Held up by the girdle, over which the superfluous upper 
part of the garment falls. 

Waist, 52 inches ; length, 4^ feet. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77197 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Girdle (Yotai). Green grosgrain ribbon folded over and fringed at 
both ends. Fastened around the waist above the hips to hold up 
the trousers. 

Width, 2| inches; length, 60 inches. 

SeouL Korea, 1885. 77095 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Garters (Tai-nam). Karrow, green grosgrain ribbon; fringed. Tied 
around the bottom of the trousers. 

Length, 24 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 7709^ 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Stockings (Po-syon). White cotton; seam running through the toe 
and heel. Padded with raw cotton; the rigidity of the Korean 
shoe renders this necessary. 

Length, 9^ inches ; height, 12 inches, 

Beoul, Korea, 1885. 77098 

Collected by Ensigu J. B. Bei'nadon, U. S. Navy. 



452 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Legoins (Haing-tjyon). White cotton; hems pasted down. Tying' 
strings fastened around the calf, covering the junction of the trou- 
sers and stockings. 

Length, 10 inches ; width, 8 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77096 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Outer robe (Syo-tjang ot). Thin pongee silk. Has a straight slash 
on each side from the armpits down, dividing the garment into 
three nearly equal panels; hemmed. Collar, a long rolling yoke; 
flowing sleeves ; strings tied in a bow on right side. 

Length, 54 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77099 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by men in summer under the outer garment. 

Outer coat (To-pou). Ample robe of mosi or grass cloth; gored 
skirt; flowing sleeves. Divided up the center of the back to just 
below the shoulder blades. This division is covered over by a free 
panel hanging from the neck and going over the shoulders. The 
robe is hemmed all around, the gored seams felled; where the 
goods would be subjected to strain these i^oints are stitched and 
corded, i^eedlework, quite good. 

Length, 56 inches ; sleeves, 27 by 22 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77105 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. 8. Navy. 

Girdle (Theui). Long, round cord of green silk, with tassels. It 
gathers in the to-pou or robe at the waist; the tassels hang down in 
front. 

Length, 98 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77082 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

CuFF^ (To-syou). Green silk, lined with coarse cotton; gored to make 
the upper end wider. Simply worn slipped over the wrists. Ex- 
cellent needlework. Worn by men in cold weather. 

Length, 11 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77083 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Man's shoes (Sin). Black felt, lined with white leather. The lower 
edge of the upper is flared out, the sole put on and sewed to the upper 
with wide stitches. Space between sole and insole filled with lay- 
ers of cotton cloth, as in Chinese shoes; edge of sole coated with 
white size. Hobnails on heel. PI. xx, fig. 1, middle line (com- 
mencing at the left). 

Length, 8 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77014 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The regular shoe worn by men of the upper class. It is very rigid, and 
necessitates the wearing of padded stockings. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII. 

Korean Mourning Head-dresses and Farmers' Hat. 

(Upper line, commencing at the leit.) 
Fig. 1. Mourning Cap, Coarse hemp cloth; wedge-shaped; made like a grocers' 

paper bag, of a single piece of cloth. Height, 7f inches; diameter, 7| 

inches. (Cat. No. 77089, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign 

J. B. Bernadon, U. S. N.) 
Fig. 2. Mourning Hat, A jjlaited band of coarse hemp cloth ; stiffened ; lined with 

paper ; bent into a peak. A narrow strip of cloth forms the head band ; 

the ends of this strip hang free below the chin. Height, 13 inches. (Cat. 

No. 77085, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Berna- 

dou, U. S. N.) 
Pig. 3. Mourner's Hat. Woven of bleached split bamboo. The shape of the 

national hat. Height, 4f inches; diameter, 15f inches. (Cat. No. 77064, 

U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 
(Middle line.) 
Fig. 1. Mourner's Head Ring. Two strands of rice straw, covered with unhackled 

hemp, twisted together to form a ring. Diameter, 6^ inches. (Cat. No. 

77088, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, 

u. s. N.) :ji: 

(Lower line, commencing at the left.) 

Fig. 1. Mourner's Hat. Neatly braided, of bamboo splints; edges scalloped and 
finished off with braiding. Rosette of bamboo at apex. A frame to fit 
over the head is fastened inside. Height, 14| inches; diameter, 25 inches. 
(Cat. No. 77066, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. 
Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 2. Farmer's Hat. Woven from split millet stalks, showing geometrical pat- 
terns made by contrast in color of the different sides of the straw. The 
weaving is finished at the apex without showing a break. Braced with 
hoops and ribs of bamboo. Outline hexagonal. Height, 16 inches; diam- 
eter, 30 inches. Area, 6 square feet. (Cat. No. 77065, U. S. N. M. Seoul, 
Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 



Report of National Museum. 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XVIIL 

















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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. 

Korean Hats, Shoes, etc. 

(Upper line, commeucing at the left.) 

Fig. 1. Court Hat. High, terraced crown, made of stiff, lacquered paper and wovei 
bamboo, covered with black sateen. On either side at the back are 
attached curved, oar-shaped, gauze wings, which project horizontally 
forwards. Height, 7 inches. (Cat. No. 77063, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. 
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 2. National Hat. Made of fine silk, worn over a bamboo framework, stiffened 
with size. Small, cylindrical, truncated crown; broad brim; long tying 
strings. Superior handiwork. Height of crown, 4^ inches ; diameter of 
brim, 18 inches. (Cat. No. 77060, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected 
by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 3. Caps. Wide circular band of black horsehair, neatly woven. Height, 7| 
inches. (Cat. No. 77115, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign 
J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

(Middle line, commencing at the left.) 

Fig. 1. Winter Hood, Purple brocaded silk, lined and trimmed on edge with furi 
Open at top. Width, 15 inches. (Cat. No. 77080, U. S. N. M. Seoul, 
Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 2. Examination Cap. Of one piece of coarse black cotton stuff, shaped like a 
grocer's paper bag. Height, 9 inches; diameter, 7 inches. (Cat. No. 
77057, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, 
U. S. N.j 

Fig. 3. Cap. Black horsehair, woven in the shape of the court hat. Height, 7 
inches. (Cat. No. 77056, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign 
J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 4. Ceremonial Hat. Helmet-shaped; back, shield-shaped; woven of thin 
slivers of bamboo incrusted with gilt papier-mache dragons, scrolls, etc. 
Front, black sateen, curving backwards and spaced by vertical gilt wires. 
Wooden pin runs through back portion of hat. Height, 10 inches. (Cat. 
No. 77062, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Berna- 
dou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 5. Soldier's Hat. Thick, black, stiffened felt, mixed with horsehair, which 
shows on the outside. Band, a red cord, with tassels, and tail buttons 
carved with the national symbol, attached. A long switch of horsehair 
dyed red is fastened in the crown by a swivel button. Height, 5 inches; 
diameter, 15 inches. (Cat. No. 77058, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Col- 
lected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 6. Chair Coolie's Hat. Black stiffened felt; smooth surface. Shaped like 
the soldier's hat. Height, 4 inches; diameter, 15 inches. (Cat. No. 77061, 
U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N 

(Lower line,) 

Fig. 1. Head Band. Skillfully woven of horsehair, with drawstrings and two ty- 
ing strings. On the front is a piece of substance resembling amber, which 
prevents the hat from slipping down. Length, 19^ inches ; width, 3 
inches. (Cat. No. 77112, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign 
J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 



Ll I 

I 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



PLATE XIX. 







\x-\h 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX. 
Korean Foot Wear. 

(Upper line.) 

Fig. 1. Rain Clogs. Boat-shaped; cut from blocks of light coarse-grained wood. 
Short supports raise the foot about 4 inches from the ground. Length, 
11 inches. (Cat. No. 77015, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by 
Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

(Middle line, commencing at the left.) 

Fig. 1. Man's Shoes. Black felt, lined with white leather. The lower edge of the 
upper is flared out, the sole put on and sewed to the upper with wide 
stitches. Sole, padded with layers of cotton cloth, as in Chinese shoes. 
Hobnails on heel. Length, 8 inches. (Cat. No. 77014, U. S. N. M. Seoul, 
Korea. Collected by Ensign J, B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 2. Traveler's Sandals. Sole, four wisps of straw woven together with cot- 
ton rags, fastening in the strand which forms the uppers. Length, 10 
inches. (Cat. No. 77011, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign 
J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 3. Mourner's Sandals. Twisted rice straw ; white paper wound around the 
heel yoke and drawing string. They differ from the common straw sandal 
by the paired arrangement of the straw cords which go over the sides of 
the foot. Length, 10 inches. (Cat. No. 77012, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. 
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 4. Sandals. Rice straw; shape, between a shoe and a sandal; covering the 
sides of the foot and open above. Length, 10^ inches. (Cat. No. 77013, 
U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 
(Lower line, commencing at the left.) 

Fig. 1. Women's Shoes. Uppers of blue cloth, lined with ass skin; bound with 
white leather; soles, rawhide. White leather scrolls ornament toe and 
heel. Neatly finished and ornamented. Length, 8^ inches. (Cat. No. 
77016, U. S. N. M. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 2. Child's Shoes. Red leather, with green and yellow leather foxings. Upper 
and sole joined together from outside. Length, 6^ inches. (Cat. No. 
77081, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, 
U. S. N.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XX. 




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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 453 

Head band (Maug-kon). Skilfully woveu of horsehair, with draw- 
string and two tying strings. On the front is a piece of a substance 
resembling amber, which prevents the hat from slipping down. 
PI. XIX, fig. 1, lower line (commencing at the left). 

Length, 19^ inches ; width, 3 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77112 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn around the head to keep the loose hair in order. It may be the ana- 
logue of the fillet of bark or leaves worn by the ancient Japanese and Chinese 
for the same purpose, and now often worn by the Koreans. High officials wear 
a button of gold or jade on the head band. 

mourner's COSTUMES. 

The mourning customs of Korea are regulated to the minutest detail 
by the Chinese Book of Eites, the Sa-ryei-pyellam, a compilation of the 
burdensome rules that should govern, coming of age, marriage, death 
and burial, and the worship of the dead. The two latter are very full. 
The portion of the book laying down the mortuary customs is trans- 
lated in Eoss' Korea. 

The two years' mourning period required on the death of parents is 
governed in such a way that it amounts to hermit-like seclusion of the 
producing members of society. The mourner hides his face, and sits 
literally in '' sackcloth and ashes," and his labor is a loss to the state 
for two years. 

MouRNiNa Cap (Tou-ken). Hemp cloth; wedge-shaped; made some- 
what like a grocer's paper bag of a single piece of coarse stufP. PI. 
XVIII, fig. 1, upper line (commencing at the left). 

Height, 7f inches ; diameter, 7^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77089 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn on special mourning occasions. 

MouRNiNa HAT (Koul-kon). Plaited band of coarse hemp cloth; 
stiffened; lined with paper. This band bent into a peak forms the 
crown. A narrow strip of cloth forms the head band ; the ends of 
this strip hang free below the chin. PI. xviii, fig. 2, upper line 
(commencing at the left). 

Height, 13 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77085 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The outer of the three headdresses (77089, 77085, and 77088). Worn on special 
mourning occasions, such as the day of a death ; after the decease of a parent ; 
at the time of burial, and at the expiration of the first and second years after a 
death. 

Mourner's hat (Pyo-rang-i). Woven of bleached, split bamboo. 
Shape of the national hat. PI. xviii, fig. 3, upper line (commenc- 
ing at the left). 

Diameter, 15f inches ; height, 4f inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77064 



454 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Mourner's hat — Couthmed. 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This hat has a special use in mourning, being worn by a son before the burial 
of a deceased parent ; worn also by adopted sons in mourning for their real par- 
ents. Otherwise, it is used by chair coolies and government slaves. The mem- 
bers of the peddler guild fasten small pieces of raw cotton at intervals around 
the base of the crown. 

Mourner's Head ring (Tei-tou-ri). Two strands of rice straw covered 
with unhackled hemp twisted together to form a ring. PI. xviii 
fig. 1, middle line (commencing at the left). 

Diameter, 6^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77088 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn in mourning for some distant relative. 

Mourner's Hat (Pang-gat). Well made of bamboo splints j edges 
scalloped and finished with braiding. Crowned at apex with ro- 
sette of bamboo. A frame to fit over the head is fastened inside and 
from it hang tying strings of twisted paper. PI. xviii, fig. 1, lower 
line (commencing at the left). 

Diameter, 25 inches ; height, 14^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77066 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This hat is designed to hide the face, as it is considered a grievous breach of 
etiquette to look into the face of the mourner. Taking advantage of this cus- 
tom before Korea was opened to foreigners, missionaries disguised themselves 
as mourners and lived and taught there for a long time without detection. 

Mourner's head band (P'omang). Woven of hemp threads; white 
tying cords. Same shape as ordinary head band; no button in 
front. 

Length, 23 inches ; width, 2 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77091 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou^ U. S. Navy. 

This band takes the place during mourning of the otherwise invariable mang- 
kon or head band. 

Outer mourninGt robe (Simeni). Hemp cloth, finer in quality thai 
that of the inner robe. Sleeves wide; made in two pieces. 

Length, 4 feet. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77084 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Mournings robe (Tjoung-tou). Inner robe of very coarse hemp cloth 
(sackcloth); back, a straight piece; two gores at each side extend- 
ing from the armpits down; front, a straight piece and a gore. 
Sleeves, square; collar, rolling; two tying strings. 

Length, 4 feet. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77083 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 
Worn by men under the simeni. 

Regular mourning costume made after a fixed ceremonial pattern and worn by 
a son for two years after the decease of a male parent. 



I 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 455 

Girdle (Sam-di). Rope of unhackled hemi3, with loop and knot. The 
girdle passed around the body, the knot hitched through the loop 
and the end secured. 

Length, 71 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77090 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadon, U. S. Navy. 

The girdle is worn upon the occasion of the death of a father. After the death 
of his mother the Korean wears a strip of hemp cloth as a girdle instead. 

MouRNiNO HAND SCREEN (Poson). Of two thicknesscs of hemp cloth, 
fastened between two rods also covered with cloth. A thin strip 
connects the rods at the lower ends. 

Width, 13i inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77087 

Collected hy Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Carried hy the mourner, held before the face while out of doors. 

Mourner's LEGGINS (Be-haing-ty en). Brown hemp cloth ; hemmed. 

Length, 9f inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77086 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Mourner's sandals (Om-jip-seki). Twisted rice strawy white paper 
wound around the heel yoke and drawing string. They differ from 
common sandals by the paired arrangement of the straw cords 
which go over sides of the foot. PI. xx, fig. 3, middle line (com- 
mencing at the left). 

Length, 10 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77012 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

ACCESSORIES OF DRESS. HATS, SHOES, ETC. 

Court hat (Samo). High, terraced crown, made of stiff' lacquered 
paper and woven bamboo covered with black satteen. It fits tightly 
over the forehead and on either side at the back are attached curved 
oar- shaped gauze wings, which project horizontally forward. PI. 
XIX, fig. 1, upper line (commencing at the left). 

Height, 7 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77063 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by men of the upper and middle class at the marriage ceremony. The 
wings of the King's samo are vertical. Grades of rank are marked by thickness 
of the wings; being two-ply instead of single in higher grades. Compare the 
Japanese official hat. Civil officers wear this hat at an audience, on New Year's 
day, on the King's birthday, or on a formal visit of congratulation. The rings 
at the side are for attaching flowers at a particular banquet given by the royal 
family. 

National hat (Kat). Made of fine silk over a bamboo framework; 
stiffened with size. Small, cylindrical, truncated crown; broad 
brim; long tying strings. Superior handiwork. PI. xix, fig. 2, 
upper line (commencing at the left). 



456 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

National hat — Oontinued. 

Diameter of brim, 18 inches; height of crown, 4^ inches. 
Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77060 

Collected hy Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by all classes in Korea, indoors and ont. It does not fit over the head, 
but is placed on the crown and held in position by the tying strings. 

Cap (Kon). Wide, circular band of black horsehair. PI. xix, fig. 
3, upper line (commencing at the left). 

Height, 7^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77115 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by those of the literary class who have not as yet passed examinations 
or held office; also allowed to any one who passes the second grade in merit at 
the literary or military examinations before holding office. The lower class of 
merchants and laborers, unless after such examinations, can not wear it. 

Examination cap (Yukon). Of one piece of coarse, black, cotton 
stuff, shaped like a grocer's paper bag. PI. xix, fig. 2, middle 
line (commencing at the left). 

Height, 9 inches ; diameter, 7 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77057- 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U, S. Navy, 

Worn by students only at the literary examinations, which are held yearly 
for the preliminary grade. This style of cap is reputed to be made in the sliai)e 
of the mountain near which Confucius was born. It was introduced from 
China several centuries ago, probably during the Ming dynasty. 

Cap (T'ang-kon). Black horsehair woven in the shape of the court hat. 
Weaving barred; that is, the weaving is so disposed as to leave 
oblong reticulations. PI. xix, fig. 3, middle line (commencing at 
the left). 

Height, 7 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77056 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by all officers in government service and by those who have passed 
the first grade in the literary and military examinations. It is worn when at 
home or indoors by all officers, a few of the lower grades of attendants at the 
^^yamouns" or official houses, such as upper policemen, being alone excepted. 

Ceremonial HAT (Keum-kon). Helmet-shaped. Back, shield-shaped j 
woven of thin slivers of bamboo incrusted with gilt papier-mache 
dragons, scrolls, etc. Front, black satteen, curving backward 
and spaced by vertical gilded wires. The front band has a deco- 
rated panel. Head rim adjustable; tied with bhie silk cords. A 
large wooden pin, with cord and tassel, is thrust through the sides 
of the back portion of the hat. PI. xix, fig. 4, middle line (com- 
mencing at the left). 

Height, 10 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. . 77062 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. 8. Navy, 

Worn upon the occasion of the King's offering sacrifices, by those who assist 
him in the ceremony. A similar hat, not gilded, is worn by those officiating at 
the semi-annual sacrifices to Confucius. These are offered throughout Korea in 
all districts governed by magistrates. 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 457 

Ceremonial hat (Keum-koii). Helmet-shaped, framed of bamboo, 
silk, and paper. Covered with black silk. Rim and shield-shaped 
back incrustation of paper. Design, the dragon; gilded. Open 
at each side of the crown, which curves backward and is spaced 
with five gilt wires. A wooden pin is thrust through the back of 
hat and ornamented with blue silk cord. 

Height, 9^ inclies. 

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 151637 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

With this hat is worn a red-silk gown partially embroidered. All officers, 
civil or military, above the ninth rank (or chief clerk of any office in the United 
States) don this style of dress on the 1st of January, when there is an audience 
with the King. It is also worn at times of thanksgiving or congratulation of 
the royal family. (See No. 77062). 

Soldiers' hat (Pang-ko-tji). Thick, black, stiffened felt, mixed with 
horsehair, which shows as a mat on the outside. Kesembles a 
sombrero. Band, a red cord with tassels and two carved talc but- 
tons attached. A long switch of horsehair dyed red is fastened in 
the crown by a swivel button. PI. xix, fig. 5, middle line (com- 
mencing at the left). 

Diameter, 15 inches; height, 5 inches, 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77058 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The hat is heavy and resembles the Japanese pot helmet (kabuto) ; probably 
it is made thick for defense. The plume (syang-mo) is the distinctive badge 
of soldiers. Koreans say that this ornament and the sleeves of the cavalry 
soldiers are dyed red in order to accustom the horses to the sight of blood. 
Some of the troops still wear these hats. 

Chair coolies' hat (Pong-ko-tji). Black, stiffened felt; smooth sur- 
face. Shaped like the soldiers' hat. PI. xix, fig. 6, middle line 
(commencing at the left). 

Height, 4 inches ; diameter, 15 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77061 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by chair coolies, hostlers, and road runners who accompany noblemen 
when on a journey. 

Hat in box (Bung-gu-gi). Woven by hand of bamboo splits, horse- 
hair, and silk thread. The hat boxes are made from splints of 
bamboo covered with oiled paper. 

Height, 5^- inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151628 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Made after the European style at the time when the Progressive Party at- 
tempted to introduce European dress and manners. It was the custom of the 
King to present these hats to foreigners for criticism. 

Beads worn on hat (Gum-ga-kat-gun). Imitation amber beads and 
bugles strung on a cord alternately. 

Length, 66 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130868 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Worn for ornament by officers; suspended from one side of the hat. 



458 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 



Farmers' hat (Kat-si). Woven of split stalks of millet, showing 
geometrical patterns made by tlie different sides of the straw. The 
weaving is closed at the apex of the hat without showing a break. 
Braced inside with hoops of bamboo and ribs running from the 
apex to points on the edge. In the top is a frame to fit around the 
head. Outline, hexagonal. PI. xviii, fig. 2, lower line (commenc- 
ing at the left). 

Height, 16 inches ; diameter, 30 inches ; area, 6 square feet. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77065 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Hat cover (Kanno). Polygonal cone of oiled paper; folding. String 
of twisted white paper crossed under the chin and held in the hand. 

Length, 13 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77019 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This cover is sometimes worn over a light frame of bamboo sticks which serve 
as a support instead of the hat. When not in use the cover is folded up like a 
fan and put in the sleeve. This is an interesting form of the umbrella. 

Rain coat (You-sam). Oiled paper; simply made; large sleeves. 
The sesamum oil is applied after the coat is made. 

Length, 4 feet. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77017 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Straw rain coats like those used in China and Japan are also used in Korea. 
Worn by men of the serving class. 

Rain clogs (Namack-sin). Boat-shaped clogs, cut out of blocks of 
light, coarse-grained wood. Short supports raise the foot about 4 
inches from the ground. PI. xx, fig. 1, upper line (commencing 
at the left). 

Length, 11 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77015 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn on muddy ground by poor people. Compare the Japanese rain clogs. 

Sweat shield (Dung-dung-gu-ri). Bamboo openwork device, worn by 
men under the clothes to prevent their becoming damp. Consists 
of three panels, the larger going over the chest and the smaller over 
the shoulders. Folding; very good workmanship. 

Length, 16 inches ; width, 13 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77028 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Cuffs (Dung-to-su). Openwork cuffs of bamboo coils wound with rat- 
tan. Worn by men to prevent sleeves at wrist becoming dami) from 
perspiration. 

Length, 7 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77029 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy, 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 459 

Travelers' sandals (Ohip-seki ). Sole, four wisps of rice straw, woven 
togetber with cotton rags, fastening in the strands which form 
the uppers. These strands cover only the sides of the foot in the 
front portion. The heel turns sharply up, bearing a yoke which 
fits over the back of the heel. Gathering string of grass. Worn by 
farmers. PI. xx, fig. 2, middle line (commencing at the left). 

Length, 10 iuclies. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77011 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Sandals (Sang-jip-sin). Eice straw; shape, somewhat between a shoe 
and sandal ; covering the sides of the foot and open above. PI. 
XX, fig. 4, middle line (commencing at the left). 

Length, 10| inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. -77013 

Collected by Ensign J. B, Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by farmers, laborers, etc. These sandals do not wear long, so it is cus- 
tomary to carry several pairs for a long journey afoot. They cost only a few 
mills a i)air. 

TOILET ARTICLES AND ACCESSORIES. 

Tweezers (Tjok-tjip-kei). Brass strip; rudely bent. 

Length, 2 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77051 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Carried in the chon-moni or toilet bag. 

Pocket mirror (Kyol). Silvered glass set in a wooden frame, with a 
pivoted lid. Frame, stained red. 

Size, 2i by 2f inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. , 77049 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

One of the toilet articles usually carried by every Korean man and boy. 

OoMB CLEANER. Thin strip of horn, pointed, and with a shield-shaped 
head. 

Length, 4 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77115 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The point is used to clean the comb and the head to apply paint to the face 
by Korean ladies. 

Hair- ARRANGER. Thin stripof horn with rounded ends, bent slightly 
in the middle. Used to push back stray locks under the head 
band. 

Length, 4^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77048 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Coarse comb (Or-om-pit). Hard wood; made by hand. 

Length, 3| inches ; width, 2i inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77044 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 



460 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Fine comb (Tcliom-pit). Double; made'of thiu slivers of bamboo fas- 
tened between cleats of the same material. 

Length, 3f inches; width, 2 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77045 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

All classes give great attention to the care of the hair. Every man and hoy 
carries a corah in the small hag hung at the waist. 

Comb (Chom-pit). Fine teeth of bamboo held in series by cleats of 
bamboo. 

Length, 3f inches; width, 1| inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130858 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Comb box (Bid-jnb). Oblong- wooden box with lid and drawer; cov- 
ered with a geometric veneer of different-colored pieces of bamboo. 

Dimensions, 5| by 4| by 2^ inches. 

Seoul, Korejt. 151615 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Used by men to hold combs and a sheet of oiled paper, on which are collected 
combings, wliich are carefully burned once a year. 

Hair pin (Ok-jam). Grreen jade. The head of the pin is elegantly 
carved in openwork with leaves and flowers. 

Length, 5f inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130875 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

The jade is imi)orted from China and worked in Korea. These small pins are 
generally worn by elderly ladies. 

Ear spoon case (Chu-e-jib). Hexagonal tube of precious white jade 
the sides finely fretted with floriated designs. Generally carried by 
ladies. • 

Length, 3f inches. 

Seoul, Korea. " 130872 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Ear spoon case (Chu-e-jib). Hexagonaltubeof precious white jade; 
the sides in fretwork carving, like No. 130872. Suspended by silk 
cord. 

Length, 3|| inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130873 

Collected by Dr. H, N. Allen. 

Receptacle for ear spoons and toothpicks. 

Hair ornament (Mang-ja-sug-ung-hwang). Oblong bead, flattened 
on one side. Made of realgar or red sulphide of arsenic. 

Length, 2^ inches ; width, If inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 12812 

Presented by C. G. Talcott, U. S. Navy. 

Worn by ladies, with the exception of widows and those in mourning. Goo 
quality; valued for its color and electrical properties, in which it resemblei 
amber. 






KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 461 

Hair ornament (Da-cliu-su-quang). Date-sliaped head of clay, painted 
red in imitation of realgar. 

Length, If inches ; width, | inch. 

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 77050 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The specimen is attached to a strip of black silk designed to be twisted with 
the queue, which boys are compelled to wear until 15 years old. 

Ornamental knife (Jang-dc^). l^o blade. Handle of amber with 
silver-gilt fittings. Suspended by a silk cord with tassel. 

Length, 5 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130870 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Worn by ladies as an ornament. 

Ornametal KNIFE (Jang-do). No blade. Handle of white jade; fit- 
tings of silver gilt. 

Length, 7f inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130869 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Worn by men as an ornament. 

Knife and chopsticks (Jang-do). Square handle and sheath of 
dark-brown hard wood (san-u-ja). Iron blade; German silver fit- 
tings. 

Length, 6^ inches. 

Tong-na, Korea. 151609 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Penknife. One blade of soft iron; wooden handle; brass end clips 
engraved with dragon's head ; no spring ; the nail depression is in 
the curving end of the blade. 

B Length, open, 6 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77043 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Korean cutlers do not make their wares on a fixed pattern in any numbers ; 
that is, they will not take an order for 1 dozen knives made after a certain 
style. 

Pocket knife and tweezers (Ju-mu-ni-pal-qua-jok-juk-ga). Two 
blades; iron and brass; horn handle; brass spring. The tweezers 
slip over the outside of the handle. 

Length, closed, 3^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151611 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

jScENT BAGr (Hiang-nang). Eed satin embroidered with flowers, etc., 
j and lined with blue satin. Mouth drawn up with a silken string. 

I Length, 3f inches; width, 4^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130865 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Used by young men for holding spices or medicine. Made by the court ladies 
for distribution by the King and Queen to their relatives. 



462 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Small scent BAa (Ha-raiig). Yellow satin, embroidered in bright 
colors. Mouth drawn together with a silk cord. 

Diameter, 2 inclies. 

Seoul, Korea, 130866 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Given to the children of the royal families on New Year's day. Made by the 
ladies in the palace. 

Belt clasp (Di-don). Precious white jadej oblong; fine perforated 
carving of the dragon. 

Length, 2^ inches ; width, 1| inches. 

Seoul, Corea. 130874 

Used by officers in uniform to fasten a bunch of silk covering an ivory tablet, 
on which are engraved their name, rank, etc. 

Folding FAN (Sun-j a). Bamboo sticks covered with paper; not dec- 
orated. The outside sticks are strengthened by a piece of hard 
wood set in at the rivet end. 

Length, 10 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77020 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Korean fans are noted for their strength and durability. 

Fan (Tei-eul-sen). Kigid fan of bamboo splints covered with varnished 
oiled paper J set into a black lacquered handle. Decorated with the 
Korean national symbol (a pair of red and black, comma-shaped 
spirals coiled together in a circle) emblematic of the positive and 
negative essences of Chinese philosophy. 

Length, 13 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77021 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Carried by the better class of Korean women. 

Fans (Bu-cha). Paper on bamboo; folding. Lacquered sticks burn 
in figures. Paper oiled to render it more durable. 

Length, from 10 to 16^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 13085 

Collected by D. H. N. Allen. 

Folding fans are generally carried by men. The smaller fans are for carrying 
in the pocket or sleeve, but the large fans are used by servants to fan their 
masters. The large fans are not made for trade, but are the annual tribute 
from the southern provinces and are distributed by the King to the high officers 
in Seoul. 

Ladies' fan (Mi-sun). Eigid fans covered with oiled paper; round and 
other shapes, with black lacquer handle. 

Diameter, 9^ inches. 

Cholla-do. Korea. 130845 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Woman's mat. Sheet of red oiled paper, stamped with white figures, 
folded into a square form. 

Seoul, Korea. 153612 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The purpose of this mat is to catch the hair and bits of nail, which are care- 
fully collected and burned once a year m accordance with a widespread custom* 



i 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 463 

Pipe bowl and mouthpiece. Of white metal ; stem, straight piece 
of bamboo about a yard long, cleared of divisions by a long iron 
drill. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77041 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Koreans are reported to be invera je smokers. "A little pouch is even hung to 
the girdle of children, significant of their future proficiency in smoking/' writes 
the author of Choson. Mr. Eockhill has found them reckoning time by pipes 
of tobacco. The pipe is much larger than that of the Japanese. 

Pipe bowl and mouthpiece. Of brass; large bowl. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77040 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Tobacco box (Tam-pai-ho-rap). Oblong, rectangular box of precious 
serpentine of dark-green color, with yellow mottlings ; lid and 
box highly polished. Two compartments for holding different 
kinds of tobacco. PL xxi, fig. 1 (commencing at the left). 

Length, 6^ inches; width, 4| inches; height, 4-|- inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130846 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Tobacco box (Tam-pai-ho-rap). Oblong rectangular box finelj^ wrought 
from green serpentine. With cover. Highly polished. Pl.xxi, fig. 
2 (commencing at the left). 

Length, 6i inches ; width, 4f inches ; height, 4^ inches. 

Dan Chun City, Korea. 130845 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Inlaid tobacco box (Tam-pai-ho-rap). Eectangular iron box inlaid 
with silver; sliding lid; bolt for fastening ; staple through which 
a strap passes for carrying. The method of inlaying pursued is 
to hack the surface of the iron, lay on the wire design and fasten 
with pressure and hammering. The wide inlays are engraved. 
PI. xxi, fig. 3 (commencing at the left). 

Size, 4x2fx2:|^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77038 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Design on the lid is Sang-hi, "Long life and happiness" character; on end 
mythological design of stork and tortoise ; on sides deer browsing on leaves ; 
the dead spaces matted with stars and four-petaled flowers ; borders of Grecian 
and other designs. The Korean silver inlaying is excellent and well-known 
art work. 

Tobacco box (Tam-pai-ho-rap). Circular box with lid; made of a soft 
reddish soap stone called hua-ban-suk. Turned on a reciprocating 
lathe and polished with stone dust, a rough equisetaceous plant 
(sok-sa), and oil. PI. xxi, fig. 4 (commencing at the left). 

Height, 3^ inches; diameter, 4f inches. 

Fusan, Korea, 1884. 151617 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 



464 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Tobacco box. Iron inlaid with copper filature. Circular, with lid. 
The iron is first made rough by filing or hacking and the wire de- 
sign laid on and hammered down and the whole burnished and 
polished. Yery fine work. Designs, plum bloom, bamboo, pine, 
chrysanthemum, birds, and insects. The lid bears '^ Good luck" 
character. PL xxi, fig. 5 (commencing at the left). 

Height, 3 inches ; diameter, 4 inclies. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77039 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The subjects of design have their significance in the folk-lore of Korea as in 
Japan. 

Tobacco box (Tam-pai-ho-rap). Circular iron box with lid. Inlaid 
with silver filatures and lacquered in the interspaces. Side orna- 
mented with archaic Chinese characters; reserve spaces filled with 
a mat fret design. Happiness character on the lid. PI. xxi, fig. 6 
(commencing at the left). 

Height, 2f inches, diameter, 4 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 15161 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Pipe (Dam-be-ta). Bowl and mouthpiece of an alloy like German sil- 
ver, decorated with niello work. Stem etched and lacquered. 

Fusan, Korea. 130847 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Tobacco (Tam-pe). Dark-yellowish color; cut quite tine. Not very 
strong. 

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 151639 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

This specimen is called sucho and is not of good quality. Korean tobacco is 
said to be suitable for the European market. 

Snuff bottle (Bee-yun-tong). Small flat bottle with neck; made of 
smoky agate. 

Height, 2^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130871 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Seldom made use of by Koreans. This specimen is from China. Carried in 
the pocket. 

THE PICTORIAL, PLASTIC, AND DECORATIVE ARTS. 

METAL WORK. 

Oast bronze imaoe (ancient) (In hiung). Eudely modeled. Bep- 
resents a wairior in scale ai-^^ior with sword in hand. 

Height, 3^ inches. 

Torai, southern Korea. 151606 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI. 

Korean Tobacco Boxes. 

(CommenciBg at the left.) 

Fig. 1. Tobacco Box. Oblong, rectangular box, of dark green serpentine with yel- 
low mottlings ; lid and box highly polished. Two compartments for hold- 
ing different kinds of tobacco. Length, 6^ inches ; width, 4f inches ; 
height, 4i inches, (Cat. No. 130846, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected 
by Dr. H. N. Allen) 

Fig. 2. Tobacco Box. Oblong, rectangular box, finely wrought from green serpen- 
tine, highly polished, with cover. Length, 6 inches ; width, 4^ inches ; 
height, 3i inches. (Cat. No. 130845, U. S. N. M. Da Chun City, Korea. 
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.) 

Fig. 3. Tobacco Box. Rectangular iron box inlaid with silver; sliding lid; bolt 
for fastening; brass staple, through which a strap is passed in carrying. 
Designs on the sides : the stork, tortoise and deer, emblems of longevity. 
On lid, the Sang-hi '^ Long-life and happiness" character. Size, 4 by 2f 
by 21 inches. (Cat. No. 77138, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected 
by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N. ) 

Fig. 4. Tobacco Box. Circular box, with lid; made of a soft reddish soapstonei 
called hua-bau-sok. Turned on a reciprocating lathe and polished with 
stone dust, a rough equisetaceous plant (sok-sa), and oil. Height, 3^| 
inches; diameter, i^ inches. (Cat. No. 151617, U. S. N. M. Fusan, Korea. 
Collected by P. L. Jouy.) 

Fig. 5. Tobacco Box. Circular iron box, with lid; inlaid with copper j&latures. 
Designs: plum bloom, bamboo, pine, chrysanthemum, birds, and insects. 
The lid bears the ^'Good-luck" character. Height, 3 inches; diameter,, 
4 inches. (Cat. No. 77039, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by En-| 
sign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 6. Tobacco Box. Circular iron box, with lid; inlaid with silver filatures and! 
Tacquered in the interspaces. Side ornamented with archaic Chinese 
characters; reserve spaces filled with a mat in fret design. "Happiness"] 
character on lid. Height, 2^ inches; diameter, 4^ inches. (Cat. No. 
151614, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou,] 
U. S. N.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XXI. 




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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 465 

Bronze image (ancient) (In hinng). Figure of a warrior; arms 
missing, but from the position of the stumps he seems to be draw- 
ing a bow. 

Height, 3^ inches. 

Torai, Korea, 1883. 151605 

Collected by P. L. Jou3^ 

Probably used as an ornament on some building (temple) or on armor. 

Cover of fire box (Hwa-ru-dug-ke). Brass; circular; perforated 
design of lotus flowers, etc.; chased and repousseed. 

Diameter, 9| inches. 

Korea. 151613 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

From a temple vessel, probably a hand-warmer. 

Donkey bell (Bang- wool). Globular cast brass; raised ornamenta- 
tion. 

Diameter, 2 inches. 

Fusan, Korea. 151604 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Wind bell (Pung-kiung). Brass; cruciform clapper with globular 
ends. A chain hangs down from the clapper bearing a sheet brass 
lish, which rings the bell when swayed in the wind. 

Height, 2^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151516 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Hung in the eaves of houses and temples. The Japanese have a similar 
custom. 

INLAYING, EMBROIDERY, ETC. 

Pillow end (Be ga-mo). Disk of wood painted. Design, two tigers 
and pine tree. Coated with a transparent layer of gelatinous sub- 
stance resembling horn. PI. xxii, fig. 1 (commencing at the left). 

Diameter, 6 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77035 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The Korean pillow is a cylindrical case stuffed with hair or rice straw. It 
has ornamented ends. 

Pillow end (Be ga-mo). Circular piece of wood, lacquered; incrusted 
withhaliolis shell. Figures represent a tiger under a pine tree; along 
the border is a band of arabesque. PI. xxii, fig. 2 (commencing at 
the left). 

Diameter, 8^ inches. 

Tong-young City, Korea. 130851 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

This is not part of a regular pillow, but for the kind used as an arm rest. 

Pillow end (Ja-ga-be-ga-mo). Disk of wood fastened in the end of 
the cylindrical pillowcase; inlaid in black lacquer with haliolis 
shell. Subject, the great dragon rising from the sea into the sky 
in the spring season. PI. xxii. fig. 3 (commencing at the left). 

Diameter, 8 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77032i 

SM 9i, FT 2- 30 



466 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Pillow end — Continued. 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The riong, or dragon, is one of the four mythologic heasts. In pure art the 
whole body of the dragon is not shown, but partly shrouded in clouds. 

Pillow end (Ja-ga-be-ga-mo). Circular disk of wood, inlaid with 
mother-of-pearl. Design, the Chinese '^ good luck" character. PI. 
XXII, fig. 4 (commencing al; the left). 

Diameter, 7 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77033 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Beruadou, U. S. Navy. 

Pillow end (Be-ga-mo). Embroidered in colored silk. Design, the 
Chinese tai-ki, three comma-shaped objects coiled in a circle. 
Around this is grouped the eight geomantic signs. PI. xxii, fig 5, 
(commencing at the left). 

Seoul, Korea.. 77034 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 
The colors are related to the meaning of the symbol. 

Embroidered screen (Su-biung). Folding screen with ten leaves 
embroidered in flowers, butterflies, etc., on a white satin ground. 
Along the border of the oblong surfaces are strips of brocaded silk. 

Seoul, Korea. 130855 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Generally found in ladies' apartments. This specimen was made in northwest 
Korea. 

PAINTINO IN WATER COLORS. 

Scroll picture (Yong-gu-rim). In colors; represents the dragon 
rampant in the clouds, with its mysterious ball (yu-u-ju). 

Length, 47 inches ; width, 28 inches. 

Interior of southern Korea. 151596 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

The ball before the dragon is believed to possess mystic qualities; by it the 
dragon causes wind to blow, rain to fall, and other miracles. Ignorant people 
to bring good fortune hang a picture of the dragon in their sleeping rooms. 
The figure of the dragon is popularly used in paintings and carvings, not only 
because of the old belief in the fabulous stories, but because the long body with 
four short legs is convenient to make many curves like arabesques and to fill 
a narrow space in decoration. 

Scroll picture (Gu-rim.) '' Spring in Korea;" in water colors. The 
favorite plum trees in bloom, willows with expanding leaves, etc., 
are well painted, and the whole effect is pleasing. 

Length, 6 feet 7 inches; width, 3 feet. 

Seoul, Korea. 151598 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Painted by Jo Jung Muk, an artist in government service who is noted for 
his water-color x)ortrait8. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII. 

Korean Inlaid and Embroidered Pillow Ends. 

(Commencing at the left.) 

Fig. 1. Pillow End. Disk of wood, painted. Design, two tigers and a pine tree. 
Surface, coated with a transparent layer of a gelatinous substance re- 
sembling horn. Diameter, 6i inches. (Cat. No. 77035, U. S. N. M. Seoul, 
Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 2. Pillow End. Disk of wood, lacquered; incrusted with haliotis shell. De- 
sign, tiger under a pine tree ; along the border is a band of arabesques ii 
shell. Diameter, 8J inches. (Cat. No. 130851, U. S. N. M. Tong-younj 
City, Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.) 

Fig. 3. Pillow End. Disk of wood incrusted in black lacquer with iridesceni 
haliotis shell. Subject, the great dragon rising from the sea into the sk;; 
in the spring season. Diameter, 8 inches. (Cat. No. 77032, U. S. N. M. 
Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 4. Pillow End. Disk of wood, inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Design, the 
Chinese '' Good Luck" character. Diameter, 7 inches. (Cat. No. 77033, 
U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 5. Pillow End. Embroidered in colored silks. Design, the Chinese tai-ki, 
three comma-shaped objects coiled in a circle. Around this are grouped 
the eight geomantic signs (Pal-qua). Diameter, 8 inches. (Cat. No. 
77034, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, 
U. S. N.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XXII. 







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KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 467 

Book of water-color paintings (Hwa-chup). Painted in water 
color on silk. The eight sketches of birds and animals are painted 
by one artist and alternated with three kinds of hieroglyphics writ- 
ten by different men. The work is excellent and full of feeling. 

Length, 18 inches; width, 11^ inches. 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Painted about 1790, by Huin-ja or ''Ye Chok/' one of the popular artists of 
that time, who lived at Sing Chow. Drawn in Seoul while on a visit to the 
Kim family. 

Scroll picture. Water color of a tiger (Jok-ja, under a pine-tree. 
Iron rings for suspension. 

Length, 47^ inches; width, 28 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151597 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Porcelain screen. Photograph of a fine painted screen from the 
royal palace. 

Seoul, Korea. 129558 

Collected by Gustavus Goward. 

Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Man in ordinary dress and hat 
worn at home. 1. 

Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Closed sedan with sliding win- 
dows, carried by four men. Used by the high officers and their 
wives. Compare the Japanese Kago. 2. 

Water-color painting (Gurim). Officer in armor with sword in 

hand. 3. 

The armor worn by officers is made of small plates of leather and iron joined 
together. It is covered with red woolen cloth ornamented with figures made 
of copper or silver gilt and bordered with fur and lined with thick blue silk. 
Officers are allowed to use the royal color. 

Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Officer in full dress uniform. 4. 
AVater color painting (Gu-rim). Man riding, servant leading the 

horse. 5. 
Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Prime minister seated on a sedan 

carried by four men. The sedan and large fan are lawfully 

allowed only to the prime minister. 6. 
Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Buddhist priest with hat of straw 

in the act of bowing. 7. 
Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Officer's servant dressed in black 

coat and hat and white belt, carrying his master's official dress 

and tobacco box. 8. 
Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Palace servant wearing brown 

coat and blue sash ; sword on back. 9. 

This servant is selected from the class of respectable citizens and trained as 
a regular soldier. There are five hundred such servants in the palace at Seoul. 

Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Lady in ordinary dress. The 
small ornament on the top of the head and the purple vest are 
never worn together. 10. 



468 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Boy in house dress: the queue 
shows that he is unmarried. 11. 

Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Lady in house dress consisting^ 
of a yellow coat and red skirt; these colors are only worn by un- 
married women. 12. 

The hair ornament is always adorned with jewels except in mourning. It 
is prohibited to widows. 

Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Lady in street costume, wearing 
the prescribed green veil. 13. 

Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Lady in house dress. 14. 

Water- COLOR painting (Gu-rim). Prime minister in pink robe, 
seated on a sedan. The fan and sedan show the rank. Pink is 
used by all officers of the upper house, either civil or military. 15. 

Water COLOR painting (Gu-rim). Servant of the tribunal or 
chamber court. 16. 

Water-color painting (Gu-rim). Civil officer of the second rank, 
denoted by golden belt; seated on a sedan of lacquered wood 
having one wheel. The seat is about 5 feet from the ground and 
the sedan is propelled and supported by 5 men. 17. 

Size, 14 by llf inches. 

The monocycle usually travels faster than the Korean horse. Officers 
in this high sedan usually have twenty followers. 

Collected by W. W. Eockhill. 

The preceding series (IsTos. 1-17) is from Seoul, Korea. 131315 (17) 

Book of water-color paintings (Hwa-chup). Bound in folio of 
the native paper, with back of blue cloth. Contains thirty-seven 
stiffly drawn iigures of sages and spiritual beings, illustrating the 
mythological stories of Korea. 

Seonl, Korea. 130880 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Scroll picture of a Korean lady. Painted in water color. This 
picture gives an idea of the mode of wearing the hair and the 
house costume of the Korean ladies, 

Size, 24 by 48 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77071 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The pictures used in the decoration of the inner or living rooms of 
the common people are gaudily colored and stiffly drawn. The sub- 
jects of Korean common pictorial art are iiowers, fruits, animals, etc., 
in contrast with the dramatic and blood-curdling common prints of the 
Japanese. 

Picture. Colored. Storks, deer eating ^^ immortal grass," and turtles 
in the sea. Poetical illustration. 1. 

Used for household decoration by the lower-class Koreans. This picture 
illustrates the "Ten long lives," or those things in nature existing longer than 
}iumq,i; l)e|ngs. T^iPy are the sun. moon, mountain, water, turtje^ deep, swan^ 
pine, b^-iuboo, and a plant called bu-sut. 



■ 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 469 

Picture. Flowers, colored. The rose, clirysaiitliemuni, Jiibiscus 
mutahilis^ peony, convolvulus, graiDcs; an aquarium with fish^ 
two vases decorated with geomantic (national) symbols, placed on 
table and floor, are shown. 2. 

Usually seen in living rooms of the common people. 

Picture. Colored. Subject, the male and female phoenix with young 

near their nest in the black rock under the odong or paulownia 

tree. Sunrise. 3. 

In Korean folklore these birds, called '^Pong and Hoang/' are said tf» bring 
forth their young like animals and only on the birth of a sage is a phcenix born. 
The nest must be in a hole in the rock under the shade of a paulownia tree. 

Picture. Golden pheasants, mowtan peony, plum tree, waterfall, 
and pair of little birds. 4. 

House decorations of the common people. 

Picture. Vase decorated with wave pattern; filled with flowers 
of the hibiscus, hul-su or snapdragon, pomegranates, and apricots. 
On the ground, oranges and bunches of immortal grass. 5. 

Picture such as is found in living rooms of the common people. Hung upon 
the door. 

Picture. Eepresents a cock. One of the four watchful animals. 6. 

One of the four pictures such as are found hanging on the outside of the 
storeroom in the dwellings of the common people. 

Picture. Decorated vases, pencil rest, dish of peaches on table, 
coral and peacock feathers in tall vase decorated with wave pat- 
tern, mystic bowknot, and conventional dragon. 7. 

The common people delight in these gaudy pictures and hang them up in 
their living rooms. Used for hanging on a closet door. 

Picture. Tiger and immortal plant. 8. 

Gaudy picture bought by the common people. 

Picture. Dog, with collar and bells around its neck. 9. 

One of a set of four pictures which decorate the outside of a storeroom. 

Picture. Yases and dishes, roll of pictures tied together with band 
of ribbon. Dish contains kam or persimmons, a Korean fruit. 10. 

Used by common peo]3le. Hung on the closet door. 

Picture. Mythological beast called a lion, with collar and bells. 
Tongues of flame issue from its feet. 11. 

One of the four animals of watchfulness. Hung outside of a storeroom. 

Picture. Tiger rampant. A favorite representation of Korean 
artists. 12. 

One of the four pictures of the watchful animals hung on the outside of the 
storeroom. 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The preceding series (Nos. 1-12) is from Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77052 (12) 
Screen. Silk; painted with a scene which represents an emperor of 
China of the Ming dynasty receiving presents from states tributary 
to China. Eight leaves; old, rare, and finely painted. 

Width, 22 inches; length, 4 feet. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77116 



470 



REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 



Screen — Continued. 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This screen is worthy of close study for the number of nationalities depicted 
and from the fact that it is an example of the finest Oriental hand-painting. 
The scene is of about four hundred years ago ; the Koreans with pardonable 
pride have placed themselves in the front rank. 

Water-color painting. Mandarin duck. 1. 

Water- COLOR painting. Wliite cock, lien, and cliicks by the bam- 
boo brake. 2. 

Water-color painting. Hawk on cliff overhanging- the sea, with 
captured duck. 3. 

This picture is well drawn ; the spray under the seaweed-covered rock and 
the fierce mien and pose of the hawk are well executed. 

Water-color painting. Hawk about to attack a monkey, which 
hides itself under the trunk of a pine tree.. 4. 

The monkey is not found in Korea. 

Water-color painting. Eagle perched in a plum tree. 5. 

Water-color painting. White eagle with quarry ; a i)heasant. 6. 

Water-color painting. Swans among the reeds. Poetical. 7. 

Water-color painting. Korean hunting falcon in pursuit of a 

white hare. 8. 

Water-color painting. Flock of cranes on a pine tree. Poetical 

and mythological illustration. 9. 

Water-color painting. Crane and fragrant plum tree. Poet- 
ical and metaphorical, the crane signifying the child and the plum 
tree the mother. 10. 

Water- COLOR painting. Lion under pine tree. Very poor repre- 
sentation. 11. 

Water-color painting. Tiger crouching under a pine tree. 12. 

Water-color painting. Gray squirrel on branch of pine tree. 13. 

Water-color painting. Pair of musk deer. Probably an illus- 
tration of some poem. 14. 

Water-color painting. Pair of antelope. 15. 

Water-color painting. Well-groomed horse tied to a willow tree. 
Spring scene; often painted by Korean artists. 16. 

Water-color painting. Horses at play, leaping and rolling. 
Spring scene; an illustration of a poem. 17. 

Water-color painting. Pair of dogs under trees. Mythological 
dogs, illustrating a folk story. 18. 

Water-color painting. Sea monster (whale) swallowing a junk. 19. 

Water-color painting. Manchurian crane. 20. 

Sepia drawing. Landscape, winter scene; mountains partly covered 
with snow. Shows a pagoda and the roof of a temple. 22. 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 471 

Water-OOLOR PAINTING. Landscape, summer scene; shown by thick 
foliage and by people sitting- in the open pavilions. 23. 

Watek-color painting. Landscape, spring scene; village at sunset, 
men reading by the window, and fishers returning across a quaint 
bridge. 24. 

Water-color painting. Landscape, autumn; maple trees, water 
flowing under a stone bridge, a man on a two wheeled sedan of the 
kind probably used in Korea in old times. 25. 

Water-color painting. Illustrates the story of a man who was 
famous for his good handwriting. No one has attained to his ex- 
cellence since his death. 26. 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. * 

The preceding series (Nos. 1-26) is from Seoul, Korea. 77117 

Water-color painting. Landscape, autumn moonlight scene; the 

maples and bamboo surround the student's house. 1. 
Water-color painting. Landscape, winter moonlight scene after 

a snowstorm. 2. 
Water-color painting. Butterflies and flowers. 3. 

Painted by Han, a native artist. Used for house decoration. 

Water-color painting. Submarine view, crabs, shrimi)s, moUusks^ 
and seaweeds. 4. 

This picture bears marks of having been drawn by a literary man rather than 
a regular artist. 

Water-color painting. Story of Lomoo, a Chinese officer ban- 
ished by the Emperor through intrigue. Though he had grown 
old in exile, and suffered from hunger and privation^ yet he loyally 
holds up the rod with five bunches of red silk given him by the 
Emperor. 5. 
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The preceding series (Nos. 1-5) is from Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77118 
By far the better pictures in the collection are the following outline 
sketches in India ink, which may be entitled '^Scenes from the Social 
Life of Korea." They are a revelation in Korean art, since they show 
bold drawing, free treatment, and humorous caricature like that found 
in the realistic school of Japan. 

These pictures illustrate the social customs and industrial arts of the 
people. They were originally bound together to form a boy's picture 
book. They are supposed to be nearly three hundred years old. 
India-ink drawing. Mythological picture; the seven good beings 
or secondary angels of Korea and China, with the animals and 
plants appertaining to them. These beings in Japan are called the 
seven gods of happiness. The central figure bears a striking re- 
semblance to the Japanese Hotel, the president of the seven. The 



472 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

India-ink drawing — Oontiimed. 

scene is interesting in tracing the Chinese influence to Japan 
through Korea. This set of character pictures were drawn by the 
artist Han-jin-o. 1. 

India-ink drawing. Mythological picture; the seven wise men or 
gods of good fortune. The central figure^ Laotze, writes verses upon 
a scroll and produces jewels and living animals from his pen. 2. 

India-ink drawing. Marriage procession of the groom visiting 
his intended bride. Men in advance carry lanterns for the occa- 
sion, followed by the bearer of a wild duck or model of one, the 
symbol of domestic felicity. Then comes the bridegroom in court 
dress, always worn on such occasions by all except coolies. As a 
rule the young man's former nurse follows. 3. 

India-ink drawing. Coolies at a well. Around the wide, shallow 
well women are drawing water with rope and bucket, to fill jars 
which are carried on the head. 4. 

This picture shows the dress of the lower class, 

India-ink drawing. Instruction in archery; teacher showing lad how 
to draw the bow. The awkward pose of the beginner is well caught. 
Others are stringing the bow and straightening the arrow. 5. 

India-ink drawing. Peddlers returning from work. Shows horses, 
pack saddles, coolie's dress, and method of smoking. 6. 

The pack saddles shown here have a deep seat between two yokes. They are 
girthed and have a wide breech band. Rungs are set in between the yokes of 
the saddle, to which packages are tied. One of the coolies is striking a light 
with flint and steel. 

India-ink drawing. Begging bonzes on the road side. On a 

large sheet of paper are a number of strips upon which are written 

sums of money or grain as paid for certain efficacious prayers. The 

woman in front is about to throw down a few cash, for which the; 

prayers will be said. The bonzes carry small boat-shaped drums,: 

and sing the sacred songs invoking blessings on the contributors. ' 

The lady's attendant carries a smoking outfit on her head and fan 

in her hand. 7. 

These priests are not regular beggars, but perform this ofi&ce according to the| 
rules of a certain sect. 

India-ink drawing. Preparing tobacco for smoking. The stems 
are removed and the leaves piled evenly, then the piles are cut into 
shreds with a long lever knife. The expectant attitude of the manj 
who is waiting for some tobacco is very comical. 8. 

India-ink Drawing. Peasant's family; woman spinning and manj 
making matting on a weighted loom. The loom frame is two' 
forked sticks driven in the ground and a bar placed across. The! 
warp threads are wound around weights. These are divided alter- ■ 
nately to opposite sides of the bar. In working the loom a wefti 
straw is laid in where these threads cross the bar, and one set ofi 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 473 

India-ink drawing — Continued. 

weights thrown over, the other set thrown back, inclosing the rush 
in the warp. This is a tedious process, but produces good work 
with little machinery and skill. Korean matting is very good. 9. 

India-ink drawing. Country people passing on the road. Shows the 
high saddle and common method of riding by holding on to the 
saddle and allowing the horse to be led. 10. 

Etiquette requires ttiat women vail their faces on meeting men. This repre- 
sents the wedding procession returning from the bride's house. 

India-ink drawing. House building. Shows men planing timbers, 
tiling, etc. 11. 

Tiles are imbedded in balls of mud placed upon the roof. The plane has 
handles at the sides. 

India-ink drawing. Wrestling match. Spectators; street candy 
seller. 12. 

India-ink drawing. Boats propelled by sculling, ferrying passen- 
gers across stream. 13. 

India-ink drawing. Women washing clothes by beating them with 
clubs on rocks. W^omen braiding hair ; man peeping from behind 
his fan. 14. 

India-ink drawing. Coolies eating by the roadside. Bowls and 
spoons are being used. 15. 

India-ink drawing. Eoadside inn. People of middle class taking 
food and smoking. 16. 

These open roadside inns resemble those of Japan. 

India-ink drawing. Coolies resting by roadside j smoking and chat- 
ting. 17. 

India-ink drawing. Country peddlers. Man carries large basket of 
of vegetables or salt fish on his head ; woman carries child and 
cradle-shaped basket containing crabs. 18. 
The child is carried as in Japan, seated inside the loose upper garment. 

India-ink drawing. Forging. Smith holds red-hot iron on anvil, 
with tongs, while two men strike. Boy blows bellows, and man 
sits on the ground dressing piece of wood with curved drawknife. 
19. 

India-ink drawing. Shoeing a horse. Tools lying on ground. 20. 

The animal is thrown and the smith tacks on a circular shoe without calks. 
Korean horses are rarely castrated; hence are vicious. The officials ride don- 
keys almost universally. 

India-ink drawing. Plowing and working the fields. Two oxen 
are attached to a light, one-handled plow. Two men hoeing with 
implements resembling potato forks. 21. 
In Korea the horse is never employed in the plow. 

India-ink drawing. Thrashing by beating sheaves across a rough 
log of wood and sweeping grain from the smooth, hard ground. 
The man taking his ease near by is the overseer. 22. 



474 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

India-ink drawinGt. Schoolmaster and class of cliildren. Boys are 
studying, and one is ^'backing liis book," that is, reciting by turn- 
ing his back to the teacher and placing his book behind him. 23. 

India- INK drawing. Farmers' wives weaving. Woman working at a 
rude loom; an old woman taking care of children, and a woman 
singeing thread to remove frayed fibers before using it for weaving. 
24. 

India-ink drawing. Hired-boy dancer and band of music. Mu- 
sicians seated in semicircle. Instruments : Bass drum in frame like 
Japanese drum, accordeon, flute, fifes, and guitar. 25. 

India-ink drawing. Catching fish in a weir. Men in boats are dip- 
ping out fish into jars; at one end of weir is flock of birds. 26. 

India-ink drawing. Wood-carriers resting and playing a game with 
small stones ; frames for carrying wood at one side. 27. 

The carrying frame shown is rectangular^ woven at back with rattan, with 

arm loops at side and ropes for encircling the burden. The arms are passed 

through loops and load carried on back. A much more commonly used frame 

is made of two forked limbs, cut about 3 feet long and mortised together 

with slats. 

India-ink drawing. Competitors for the civil- service examination. 
This style of dress, cap, and shoes are worn during the examination. 
One youth shows his friends the j^aper on which the answers will be 
written. 28. 
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The preceding series (Nos. 1-28) is from Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77119 (28) 
social relations and public welfare, 
communication and record of ideas. 

WRITING IMPLEMENTS AND METHODS — PRINTING. 

Seal (Do-su). Oblong hard-wood block, with seal characters cut on 
two faces. Obverse characters, " Gaw-wee," and reverse, '^ Seal of 
Cang-Won-sung-duk." Used by some private institution. 

Dimensions, 4 by 2i by If inches. 

Seoul, Korea. . 151607 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Box FOR SEALS AND INK (Do-su-hab). Obloug box of soapstone, of 
reddish color, with lid ; highly polished. 

Length, 4| inches ; width, 3^ inches ; height, 2 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130844 1 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

This beautiful soapstone is found in the southern part of the country. 

Uncut seals (9) (Do-su-dol). Oblong squared blocks of mottled soap- , 
stone. Used by literary men or artists. 

Height, If inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130843; 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 475 

Uncut seals (Do-su-dol). Block of soapstone, with sitting figure of 
the lion badly carved. The sqaare surface on the bottom is ready 
for engraving either a man's name or some motto. 

Height, 2i inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130842 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

This style of seal is generally used by literary j^eople. The design orig- 
inated in China. 

Ink stone (Be-ru-dol). Oblong slab of black slate, with cover of 
wood. 

Length, 4f inches ; width, 2^ inches. 

Nam-po City, Korea. 130838 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Ink stone (Be-ru-dol). Oblong slab of hard black stone, with lid, on 
which is carved a flowering plum tree. 

Length, 5^ inches ; width, 3 inches. 

Nam-po City, Korea. 130839 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

EOLLS OF LETTER PAPER (Du-ruma-ri). White paper sized and pol- 
ished. Medium quality j made from the bark of the tak tree. 

Width, 6^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130837 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Pencils or brushes (Boot). Made from the hair of a small animal 
resembling the rat (chung-sal-mo), fixed in bamboo. 

Length, 8 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130841 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

For letter-writing and copying. Generally manufactured in the province of 
Ham-kiun g- do . 

Pencil jar (Pil-tong). Porcelain cylinder decorated with figures of a 
man and a woman, in water colors. 

Height, 4^ inches; diameter, 2f inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130840 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Pencil jar (Pil-tong). Octagonal vase of precious serpentine. 

Height, 5f inches; diameter, 4f inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 38329 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This stone is prized by the Koreans, who make from it pencil jars, ink stones 
tobacco boxes, etc. 

Pencil rest (Pil-san). Carved soapstone, representing Lo ja (Laotze), 
a Chinese philosopher, seated on a cow. 

Height, 2f inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130867 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 



476 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Brush holder (Pil-tong). Carved teak wood, representing a knotty 
tree trunk. 

Heig'lit, 10 inches; diameter, 10^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130879 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Of the form used by Chinese scholars for holding brushes and rolls of paper. 

Wood block (cast). Double face, the upper showing the face and 
back of the harp called Ka-inun-go, a Chinese instrument. The 
lower face, with picture of flight of butterflies. 

Length, 11 inches; width, 5 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 153614 

Collected by P. L. Jouy, 

Used to ''pulU' imprints on letter paper by rubbing. 

PrintinGt block (Banjul-pan). Wooden block; ends wedge-shaped 
for fitting into a holder. Engraved. PI. xxiii. 

Length, 17| inches ; width, 8 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77018 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Blocks and movable type are both used in Korea. This is a common block 
for printing the alphabet sheet from which children learn the on-moun or na- 
tive Korean character. The characters are arranged in vertical columns, and 
above each is a rough pictorial representation of something containing the 
initial consonant sound of the characters in the column. The writing on the 
left is astrological. 

Satow says, ''There are some Korean books dating back to 1317 and 1324, 
printed with movable type."* 

PROPERTY, TRADE, COMMERCE, AND INTERCOMMUNICATION. 

CarryinGt CLOTH. Square piece of coarse cotton stuff stamped in 
black. At each corner is sewn a strong band of folded cotton. 

Size, 48 by 55 inches square. 

Seoul, Korea. 153613 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. I 

Wrapped around parcels carried by porters. 

METHODS AND MEDIA OF EXCHANGE. 

Three "cash" piece. Copper coin worth about 3 cents. Inscrip- 
tion, "Great East. Three cash." 

Diameter, 1 inch. 

Korea. 

Gift of W. A. Mintzer, U. S. Navy. 

Silver coin (Sam jun). The inscription is " Great Eastern Kingdom, 
one mace." In center of obverse of coin is a disk of transparent 
blue enamel about ^ of an inch in diameter. Beneath this is the 
character for treasury. Debased silver, value about 15 cents. 

Diameter, f of an inch. 

Korea. 

Gift of W. A. Mintzer, U. S. Navy. 

These curious coins are rare, having been withdrawn from circulation. 

* Trans. Asiat. Soc. of Japan, x. No. 1, p. 63. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII. 

Korean Printing Block. 

Printing Block. Of wood; end wedge-sliaped for fitting into a holder. Charac- 
ters both sunken and engraved in relief. Block used for printing the 
alphabet sheet for children. Length, 17f inches; width, 8 inches. (Cat. 
No. 77018, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Berna- 
dou, U. S. N.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XXIII. 




O 

o 

_l 

O 

z 



Q. 

z 
< 
u 
cc 
o 



4 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 477 

Silver coin (Sam juii). Inscription, ''Great Eastern Kingdom, two 
mace." Disk of enamel in center of obverse. Debased silver, value 
about 30 cents. 

Diameter, 1 incli. 

Korea. 

Gift of W. A. Mintzer, U. S. Navy. 

These coins are rare, having been withdrawn from circulation. 

Korean "cash" (Dang-o-jun). Coins made of an alloy of copper, tin, 

and lead. Square hole in center as in Chinese coins. Reverse bears 

four characters giving name of coin, and the obverse the place where 

it was made, the number of the furnace, and the value, about J^ of a 

cent. 

Diameter, If inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130863 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

This coin is unpopular, as it is badly made. This kind of money was first in- 
troduced from China in 1884, and adopted by the Conservative party. 

Cash sword (Soe chun). Chinese cash, tied in shape of sword with 
colored strings and decorated with silk fringe. 

Length, 20 inches. 

Korea. 130908 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Generally made by ladies and kept as curiosities. 

Medal (Buil don). Alloy of copper, lead, and brass. Cast. A wide 
band of perforated designs of the long-life symbols, alike on either 
side of the medal, surrounds a central circle containing on one side 
the Chinese characters signifying '' His Majesty; (may he live) ten 
thousand years" and on the other '^Wealth, official promotion, many 
children." On either side are four national symbols. Square hole 
in center. Pierced for suspension. 

Diameter, 2}^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1889. 130876 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Struck in the precincts of the palace at the times of the establishment of the 
mirjt, which is 4ot a permanent fixture of tl^e Goveri^ment. 

RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT, 

GAMES OP SKILL AND CHANCE. AMUSEMENTS. 

PlayinGt cards (T'ou-tjyen). Eighty-one long, narrow strips of oiled 
paper, with suit signs in black. Eight suits : The man, fish, hawk, 
pheasant, deer, steer, rabbit, and horse, the numerals running up 
to nine and a general. PI. xxiv, Fig. 1, left side. 

Length, 8 inches; width, one-quarter of an inch. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77047 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Several varieties of cards, differing as to the number of suits, are played in 
Korea. These cards resemble the lots used by Chinese ga.mblers to deterniijje 



I 



478 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Chinese chessmen (Tjang-keui). Thirty-two hexagonal blocks of 
pine wood, of three different sizes. Characters, Chinese, cut in the 
blocks and painted blue or red. PI. xxiii. Fig. 2, lower right- 
hand corner. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77025 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The name means ''game of war." It is curious that the rank depends on the 
size of the pieces, as in case of Japanese chin. Whether more ancient in type 
than the pieces at present used in China, which are of uniform size, is conjectural. 
Played on a hoard made of wood or paper. 

Dominoes (Kolpai. "Bone game"). Thirty-two ivory dies marked 
with red and black spots large and small. PI. xxiv, Fig. 3. upper 
right-hand corner. 

Size of dies, f inch long; one-half inch wide. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77024 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The arrangement of the spots on these is identical with the dominoes of China 
and it is probable that the games are the same. In this game five or six can 
play. They in turn cast off and draw until one player gets a suit of doubles 
from one to six, when he cries ''Suit," having won. Each player draws five 
bones at first. 

Initiation club and noose (Yong-bag-mang-i and Jul). Wood; head 
carved to represent the dragon ; painted in colors. Cord of plaited 
silk attached to hwidle. The Jul is a rope made of strands of pink 
cotton overplaited by pink, blue, and yellow silk thread. It has a 
running noose at one end. 

Length, 21 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151631-2 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Kept in the office of the messengers in the palace, official mansions, and gov- 
ernmental departments. Newcomers are initiated by the '^society," who pass 
the noose around the ankle of the candidate and draw up his foot across the 
knee. Then a set of difficult questions are asked, and for every wrong answer 
the victim receives a blow upon the sole. This initiation is with a view of 
getting a treat. Newly married men are also put through a similar ordeal by 
their friends. 

MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

Music is an important institution in Korea. The government educates 
and maintains musicians and allows bands to furnish music for official 
receptions and at the palace. 

There is a system of notation ; the notes are circles and their tonal 
value is indicated by the shaded area. 

Yocal classes are taught the range through which the voice should 
rise and fall by the inclination of a rod in the hands of the teacher.^ 
This is similar in effect to the Thibetan descriptive score. * " 

There are many musical instruments of all classes. The double- 
headed drum produces four distinct sounds, according to the place 

* W. W. Rockhill : The Laud of the Lamas, p. 88. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV. 

Korean Games of Skill and Chance. 

Fig. 1. Playing Cards. Eighty-one long, narrow strips of oiled paper with the 
suit signs written on them. There are eight suits — the man, iish, hawk, 
pheasant, deer, steer, rabbit, and horse. Length, 8 inches; width, ^ inch. 
(Cat. No. 77047, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. 
Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 2. Chinese Chessmen. Thirty-two hexagonal blocks of pine wood, of three 
different sizes. Characters, Chinese; cut in the blocks and painted red 
and blue. (Cat. No. 77025, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by 
Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 3. Dominoes. Thirty-two ivory dies, marked with red and black spots, large 
and small. Size of die, f inch long, ^ inch wide. (Cat. No. 77024, U. S. 
N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 



jrt of National Museum, 1891.— Hough. 



Plate XXIV. 




Korean Games of Skill atmd Chance. 



ff?eport of National Museum, 1891, — Hough. 



Plate XXV. 




I 
I 



Q. 

! i 

< 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV. 

Korean Musical Instrument. 

Harp. Body long and narrow with half oval section, made of jatropha curcas 

wood, the ^^kiri" of Japan. Six strings, tightened by buttons; fourteen 
frets. On the bottom is engraved a verse by a Chinese scholar; ornamen- 
tation of bats and fretwork characters appear on other portions. This in- 
strument resembles the Japanese Koto, and is played, like the latter, with 
the plectron. Length, 22^ inches. (Cat. No. 93569, U. S. N. M. Seoul, 
Korea. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough, 



Plate XXVI. 




EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVL 

Korean Musical Instrument. 

Dulcimer. Flat, hollow box of o-dong wood, trapezoidal in shape; with lid. 
Twelve groups of four thin brass wires each are stretched across the box, 
over and beneath two diagonal bridges. Iron pegs and tuniug keys. 
Played by striking keys with a thin strip of bamboo, the instrument being- 
held by placing the forefinger in a hole beneath the box, and resting the 
latter on the tips of the fingers and thumb. Length, 22 inches; width, 
6| inches; height, 3f inches. (Cat. No. 130889, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. 
Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.) 



i 



^Report of National Museum, 1891.— Hough. 



Plate XXVII. 



"n 










''.' '4?'^' 




Korean Guidepost. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII. 

Korean Guidepost. 

GuiDEPOST. Rude log of wood with grotesquely carved human face. When com- 
plete it is crowned with a hat, has large ears, and thin strips along either 
side to represent clothing. These posts are placed along the road at in- 
tervals of half a mile. Complete specimens are about 6 feet high, are 
painted, and bear on the front an inscription showing the distances. It is 
believed that the signpost is also a shamanistic idol to the spirits of the 
place. 

(From a sketch from nature by P. L. Jouj\) 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 479 

struck ; by combination these sounds may be increased to sever . The 
drum has a hollow wooden body of hour-glass shape; the heads are 
drawn over the ends of the body and extended over two iron rings. 
The lacing of rope with tighteners runs between these rings. The 
larger head is of skin and the smaller of membrane. The deepest 
sound is made by striking the skin head in the center, the rim gives 
another sound, the membrane head gives a lighter, noisier sound. 
Harp (Kom-oun-to). Body long and narrow with half oval section, 
made of Jastropha curcas wood, the Kiri of Japan. Six strings 
tightened by buttons 5 fourteen frets. On the bottom a verse by a 
Chinese scholar is engraved -, ornamentation of bats and fretwork 
characters appear on other portions. 

PL XXV. Leugtli, — iuclies. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 93569 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This instrument resembles the Japanese koto and is played like it with the 
plectrum. It is placed horizontally on the floor when in position for playing. 
Koreans regard it quite an accomplishment to master this instrument. 

Dulcimer (Yang-gum). Flat, hollow box of o dong wood, trapezoidal 
in shape, with lid. Twelve groups of four thin brass wires each 
are stretched across the box over and beneath two diagonal 
bridges. Iron pegs and tuning keys. PL xxvi. 

Length, 22 inches; width, 6| inches; height, 3| inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130889 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Played by striking the strings with a thin strip of bamboo, the dulcimer 
being held by placing the forefinger in a hole beneath the box and resting it 
on the tips of the fingers and thumb. The long side is held toward the body, 
and the forward and middle sections of the strings are used. This instrument 
is much in favor among the educated class and is used for both instrumental 
pieces and accompaniment. 

PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND SAFETY. 

Guide post (Jang- sung). Rude post with grotesquely carved human 
face. When complete it is crowned with a hat, has large ears, and 
thin strips along either side represent clothing. PI. xxvii. 

Length, 29f inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 129484 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Placed along country roadsides at intervals of half a mile. Complete speci. 
mens are about 6 feet high, are painted, and bear on the front an inscription 
showing the distances. It is believed that this jang sung is a shamanistic idol 
to the spirits of the place as well as a guide post. 

' THE ART OF WAR. — WEAPONS AND ARMOR. 

Armor (Gap-ot). Consists of a coat, helmet, and wide belt made up 
of many thicknesses of coarse, cotton cloth, covered with yellow 
stuff. The coat is made up of two wide flaps connected by a band, 



480 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Armor — Continued. 

which passes over the left shoulder. These flaps are cut out to fit 
the neck and have tying strings at either side. A plastron of cloth 
is hung over the chest. The surface of portions of the coat is 
printed with Sanskrit dharani or prayers for victory. A belt resem- 
bling those worn by Korean women at the present time, but much 
thicker, is intended to be tied around the waist. The helmet is 
thickly padded and stiffened by four perpendicular bands of iron 
riveted through the cloth and terminating in a brass bell at the top. 
There is an iron visor in front. There are wide and heavy epauUes, 
or shoulder protectors, one on each side and at the rear. The hel- 
met also bears Sanskrit and Korean prayers for victory. PI. 

XXVIII. 

Length of coat, 34 inclies; width, 30 inches. Length of belt, 54 inches; 
width, 11 inches. Height of helmet, 12 inches. 

Korea. 128344 

Deposited by Dr. G. Brown Goode. 

This kind of armor has been in use in Korea for three hundred years, but is ' 
not now employed (Soh). The specimen is very old. Korean infantry were , 
equipped with this armor up to a short time ago (Griffis's Corea, p. 417). The: 
Chinese made vse of padded armor, but it seems never to have been employed 
in Japan. 

Arrows (Hual-sal). Bamboo shafts, iron heads, triple feathering 5 the 
long ones are used by bowmen, the shorter ones with heavy heads 
are for children's games. PI. xxix, figs. 1, 2, and 3, upper por- 
tion of plate. 

Length, 20 to 32f inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130878 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

The arrows in a quiver are always numbered. 

Case with arrows (Jun-dong). Arrows same as 130878. Case ofl 
stiff, waterproof paper, with cap cover and wooden ends. Deco- 
rated with a conventional design in India ink. PI. xxix, fig. 4.J 

Length of case, 35 inches ; arrows, 33f inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 15361^ 

Collected by W. W. Rockhill. 

This case or quiver is the regulation one carried by the Korean soldiery. 

Quiver (Jun-dong), Bamboo cylinder carved with flowers and birds] 
in low relief on a lacquered ground. Cap with hinge 5 two cleats 
by which the suspending string is fastened. PI. xxix, fig. 5, lower] 
line. 

Length, 45 inches. , ' 

Seoul, Korea. 130878J 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Carried over the shoulder. The bow and arrow are not commonly in nse iu^ 
Korea 3,t present, 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIM. 

Ancient Korean Armor. 

Armor. Consists of a coat, helmet, and wide belt made up of many thicknesses of 
coarse cotton cloth, covered with yellow stuff. The coat is made up ot 
two wide flaps connected bj^ a band which passes over the left shoulder. 
These flaps are cut out to fit the neck and are tied at either side. A 
plastron of cloth is hung over the chest. The surface of portions of the 
coat is printed with Sanscrit dharani, or prayers for victory. A belt re- 
sembling those worn by Korean women at the present time, but much 
thicker, is tied around the waist. The helmet is padded, and is stiffened 
by four perpendicular bands of iron riveted through the cloth and termi- 
nating in a brass bell at the apex. Visor, small; wide and heavy 6paules, 
one at each side and at the back. The helmet has also Sanscrit dharani 
Avritten upon it. Length of coat, 34 inches; width, 30 inches. Length 
of belt, 54 inches; Avidth, 11 inches. Height of helmet, 12 inches. (Cat. 
No. 128344, U. S. N. M. Korea. Deposited by Dr. G. Brown Goode.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891.— Hough. 



Plate XXVIII 




Ancient Korean Armor. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX. 

Korean Arrows and Quiver. 

Figs. 1, 2, and 3, Arrows. Bamboo shafts, iron heads, triple feathering; the long 
arrows are used by bowmen, the short one for children's games. Shorter 
arrow, 20 inches long; regular arrow, 32f inches long. (Cat. No. 130878, 
U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen.) 

Fig. 4. Case with Arrows. Contains numbered arrows like those described above. 
Case of stiff, water-proof paper with cap cover and wooden ends. Decor- 
ated with a conventional design in India ink. The regulation case carried 
by the Korean soldiery. Length of case, 35 inches ; arrows, 33f inches long. 
(Cat. No. 153611, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by W. W. Rockhill. ) 

Fig. 5. Quiver. Bamboo of cylinder carved with flowers and birds in low relief on 
a lacquered ground. Cap carved with spirals; brass hinge; two cleats 
fastened on side of tube for the suspending cord. Length, 45 inches. 
(Cat. No. 130878, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by Dr. H. N. 
Allen.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891._Hough. 



Plate XXIX. 




KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 481 

Arrow point straightener (Hwal-chok-ba-rii jap-niiu-giit). White 
bone spur with two square metal-liued holes. Eing for suspension . 

Length, 4J inclies. 

Seoul, Korea. 151630 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Used as a wreiicli to straighten the points of arrows. 

Ornamental bow and bow-case (Hwal hwal-jip). Bow, Tatar 
shape, lacquered bamboo, wrapped at middle with strips of bright- 
colored wool. String, of cotton ; case, of leather heavily lacquered ; 
one side curved to lit the bow ; decorated with silver disks and 

rings. 

Length of bow, 20^ inches ; length of case, 16 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 153147 

Collected by W. W. Rockhill. 

Clasped under the left shoulder according to the old custom by officers in 
uniform. Used only for ornament, and with it is carried the holder containing 
arrows. 

Arrow-holder and blank arrows (Dong ga). Holder made of 
Japanese leather ornamented with silver disks and sewed along 
edges with colored silk. Arrows of lacquered bamboo with broad 
white feathering. Ko points. 

Length, 26 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151147 

Collected by W. W. Rockhill. 

Worn by the king and officers at the procession. Hung beneath the left 
arm pit. Carried also by officers who receive military orders from the king. 

Bow AND PRACTICE ARROWS. Bow, compound, made of wood and 
bamboo wound with the bark of a tree and ox sinew. Arrows 
made of bamboo with iron points ; inferior specimens. 

Bow, 39 inches long ; arrows, 34 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 129503 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Bow (Hwal). Curved Tatar form made of bamboo and horn wound 
with ox sinew, wrapped with green leather at the nocks and 
lacquered black. When unstrung it is strongly recurved. 

Length, 44 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130877 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

This bow is probably intended for boys' practice. Korean bows are very 
powerful, two men being required to string them, and painful and serious acci- 
dents sometimes occur should the bow slip during the operation. 

Saber (Hwan-do). Straight, heavy, iron blade. Guard, an octagonal 
plate of iron. Hilt, wood wrapped with enameled leather. Scab- 
bard, wood covered with flaxen canvas, lacquered. Bound with 
brass. Poorly made weapon. PL xxx, upper figure. 

Length, 33^ inches; blade, 1 inch wide, i inch thick at back. 

Korea, 1875. 72897 

Collected by Wm. B. Brooks, U. S. Navy. 

Captured in 1871 by United States forces under command of Admiral John 
Rodgers, U. S. Navy. Worn by common soldiers. This sword belonged to Pak 
Do Gun. 

SM 91, PT 2 31 



482 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Sword (Hwan-do). Hilt and scabbard of hard wood with elegant 
fretted, foliated carving, illustrating the ten long lives, viz, sun, 
moon, swans, deer, etc. Mounted with copper gilt fittings; spring 
in hilt holds sword in place. Blade, curved. PI. xxx, lower figure. 

Length, 25^ Inclies ; blade, 17i inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151601 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Worn by all officers in uniform. Such swords are made to order in the dis- 
tricts of Jun-ju and Na-ju. 

Matchlock gun (Chong). Short stock of hard wood; octagonal 
barrel; smooth bore. Match of twisted tow. PI. xxxi. 

Length, 4 feet. 

Seoul, Korea. 151280 

Collected by W. W. RockhilL 

Held upon the shoulder when firing, not against it. These guns were used in 
Korea from about three hundred years ago up to 1881. Some troops still are 
armed with them. 

Priming horn (Oui-iak-tong). Tip of a horn with orifice closed by a 
spring of horn. PI. xxxi, fig. 1, lower line (commencing at the left). 

Length, 3f inches. 

Korea, 1871. 72899 

Collected by Wm. B. Brooks, U. S. Navy. 

Resembles the Burmese primer. (See Jour, Society of Arts, Jan. 26, 1886,; 
p. 351.) A relic of the skirmish of June, 1871. 

Bullet bag (Ohong-al-nut- nun-gut). Two thicknesses of coarse cot- 
ton. The bullets are sprung out from a bird's bill device. PI. xxxi, 
fig. 2, lower line (commencing at the left). 

Length, 9 inches. 

Korea, 1871. 72898 

Collected by Wm. B. Brooks, U. S. Navy. 

Trophy of the engagement of June, 1871. 

Powder case and charger (lak-tong). Octagonal box of Jastropha 
curcas wood, in rude imitation of a turtle. The charger, an ivory- 
tube, slides into a recess in front of the case. PI. xxxi, fig. 3, lower 
line (commencing at the left). 

Length, 6^ inches ; width, 4^ inches ; height, 2^ inches. 

Korea, 1871. 72900 

Collected by W. B. Brooks, U. S. Navy. 

This is a trophy of the engagement of June, 1871, between the United States 
fleet, under command of Admiral John Rodgers, and the Koreans. 

Military badge (Hyoung-pai). Two squares of blue silk, embroidered. 
Design, the Man churian white crane flying in the clouds, holding a 
spray of ^'immortal" grass in its beak. The stitch is mainly plain 
embroidery, or plumage stich, but some Kensington and stem stitch 
is used. The embroidery is well done. 

Ten inches square. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77030 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The design is purely symbolic, The crane holds in its bill a sprig of grass, 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX. 

Korean Swords. 

(Upper fi(7''are.) 

Fig. 1. Saber. Straight, heavy, iron blade. Guard, an octagonal plate of iron; 
hilt, wrapped with enameled leather; scabbard, wood covered with 
lacquered flaxen canvas. Bound with brass; a poorly made weapon. 
Captured in 1871 by United States naval forces. Length, 33^ inches; 
blade, 1 inch wide; i inch thick at back. (Cat. No. 72897, U. S. N. M. 
Korea. Collected by W. B. Brooks, U. S. N.) 
(Lower figure.) 

Fig. 2. Sword. Hilt and scabbard of hard wood, with elegant fretted, foliated 
carving, illustrating the ten long lives, viz., sun, moon, swans, deer, etc. 
Mounted with copper gilt fittings; guard, perforated iron in conventional 
pattern; spring in hilt holds; sword in scabbard. Blade of steel; grace- 
ful curve. Worn by officers. Length, 25^ inches; length of blade, 17^ 
inches. (Cat. No. 151601, U. S. N. M. Collected by P. L. Jouy.) 



iReport of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XXX. 



'c>fi;» 



CO 

Q 
ir 
O 

CO 

z 
< 

HI 

a: 
o 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI. 

Korean Gun and Accoutrements. 

(Upper figure.) 
Fig. 1. Match-lock Gun. Short stock, of hard wood; octagonal barrel; smooth 
bore. Trigger and sights. Stock decorated with bands of cherry bark. 
Match of twisted tow. Held upon the shoulder when firing. Length, 4 
feet. (Cat. No. 151280, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. Collected by W. W. 
Rockhill.) 

(Lower line, commencing at the left.) 

Fig. 1. Priming Horn. Tip of a horn with orifice in the point closed by a strip of 
horn forming a spring and allowing a few grains of powder to fall out 
upon pressure. A relic of skirmish of June, 1871. Length, 3f inches. 
(Cat. No. 72899, U. S. N. M. Korea. Collected by W. W. Rockhill.) 

Fig. 2. Bullet Bag. Two thicknesses of coarse cotton. The bullets are sprung 
out from a bird's bill device in wood. A relic of 1871. Length, 9 inches, 
(Cat. No. 72898, U. S. N. M. Korea. Collected by W. B. Brooks, U. S. N.) 

Fig. 3. Powder Case and Charger. Octagonal box of jatropha curcas wood, in 
rude imitation of a turtle. The charger, an ivory tube, slides into a recess 
in front of the case. A relic of 1871. Length, 6i inches ; width, 4;^ inches ; 
height, 2i inches. (Cat. No. 72900, U. S. N. M. Korea. Collected by W. 
B. Brooks, U. S. N.) 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XXXI. 




UJ 

cr 

h- 

O 

o 
o 

< 



3 



o 



I 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 483 

Military badoe — Continued. 

which confers immortality upon its possessor. At the base of the square are 
overlapping circles representing waves, often seen at the bases of Japanese and 
Korean vases and on money typical of circulation. These waves dash against 
the living rock. In the midst of the Avaters stands a rock covered with immor- 
tal grass and bearing a ^'Buddhist cross" or swastika. Worn by civil officers 
of the lower house. One of the squares is attached to the front and one to the 
back of the officer's robe. 

GOVERNMENT AND LAW. 

Officer's baton (Dung-clia). Rod covered with shagreen bound 
with silver ferules 5 the i)art held in the hand covered with wash 
leather. A tie of blue woolen fabric with a loop for the wrist and 
pendants of light blue silk are attached to the baton. 

Length, 30 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151171 

Collected by W. W. Rockhill. 

Carried only with full dress uniform. In old times the baton was made of 
bamboo, to which was attached thongs of leather, serving in battle as a whip 
and also used as a drinking tube. It is only displayed for ornament at the 
present. 

Korean national flag (Gook-gi). White silk, with the national 
symbol (ta-guk), two comma-shaped spirals filling a circle in red 
and blue, and four geomantic signs (pal-qua) at the four corners of 
the flag. 

Length, 14 inches; width, 21 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 151638 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

This flag was adopted in 1881. 

Button for soldier^s hat (Guidon). White soapstone, circular; 
carved on one surface with the national symbol. 

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 151629 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

For decorating the hat of the common soldier. 

Peacock feather ornament (Kong-tjang-mi). Bunch of feathers 
arranged in fan shape and inclosed in a lead swivel button pierced 
for suspension. 

Length, 8 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77036 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The peacock feather in Korea and China is a sign of official rank or promotion. 
This ornament is worn by military officers and by soldiers of certain guards 
near the King. 



484 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

SCIENCE, RELIGION, EDUCATION, AND HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT. 
RELiaiOUS CEREMONIAL OBJECTS. 

ImagtE OF Buddha. Stone figure heavily gilt. Buddha in contem- 
plative attitude seated on the lotus. Base, painted red. Well 
carved. 

Height, 14 inches. 

Korea, 1885. 151600 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

The black line over the forehead shows the degree of Saint or Lower Buddha 
in wisdom. Obtained from a monastery in Toug-na. 

Prayer beads (Yum-ju). A rosary of 108 beads made of nuts. Some 
of the larger beads at the beginning and divisions are made of glass 
. and wood. 

Korea. 151612 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

The regular Buddhist rosary used by priests. 

Figure of Tiger God (Ho-rang-i-san-sin). Wooden image, rudely 
carved, representing a tiger in erect position with fore legs held up. 
Painted and gilded. 

Height, 6^ inches. 

Monastery at Wonsan (Gensan), Korea, 1885. 131608 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Censer (Hiang-no). Bronze; globular vase supported on three figures. 
Lid pierced and surmounted by figure of Shishi, the Sky lion. 

Height, A^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 151618 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Used in the temple service. It should be set upon the table so that one foot 
goes in front and two behind. 

Temple bell (Mok-tak). Block of hard pine hollowed out in center 
to leave two thin sounding plates. Striker, a stick 7 inches long. 
Patches of fiber cloth are glued over the upper parts of the orifice 
to .increase the resonance and also to prevent splitting. 

Height, 5^ inches ; width, 3 inches. 

Wonnsan (Gensan), Korea. 151619 

Collected by P. L. Jouy. 

Of the form known in Japan as suzu. It is used by Buddhist priests in some 
services in the temple, where it is applied for ordinary religious performances, 
while the larger bronze bell is reserved for a higher ceremony. In the temple 
this bell is sounded at the beginning and end of the meal. Priests while travel- 
ing carry a bell like this specimen. 
Magical formula (Dharani in Sanscrit, Tanini in Korean). Bud- 
dhist prayers in Sanskrit characters buried with the dead. 

Length, 10^ inches ; width, 6f inches. - 

Korea. 151699 1 

Collected by W. W. Rockhill. 

AVritten in Sanskrit of the Nepalese style ; prepared by Buddhist priests and 
sold to believers. At the time of burial the papers are placed on the heart of 
the corpse under the clothing to propitiate sjiirits. 



Report of National Museum, 1891. — Hough. 



Plate XXXII. 




Korean Expiatory Offering. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII. 

Korean Expiatory Offering. 

Straw Man. Bundle of straw tied with hoops of straw into the outline of the head 
and trunk of a man. Arms and legs fastened to the body. Some hits of 
money are put in this figure, and it is thrown away under the impression 
that the influence of an evil star may he overcome when the image is torn 
to pieces. Length, 27 inches. (Cat. No. 77051, U. S. N. M. Seoul, Korea. 
Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N.) 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 485 



Pagoda (Tap). (ModeL) Pieces of white marble, graded in size, piled 
lip on a wooden core and set on a wooden base. The top repre- 
sents the lotus. 

Height, 15f inches. 

Anchu City, Korea. 130888 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

A toy for children. The marble is produced in the district of Sungchun. 

Straw man (Tchoung). Bundle of straw tied with hoops of straw 
into the outline of the head and trunk of a man. Arms and legs 
fastened to the body. PI. xxxii. 

Length, 28 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77051 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

'' When a man feels a longing to be better and to get rid of his sins, he goes 
to a Buddhist priest and buys a straw figure like this. The priest tells him 
that he will be absolved if he dresses the image in clothes like his own, puts 
plenty of cash in the straw man's belly, and tosses it into the road. The poor 
people tear the image to pieces to get the cash and the man's guilt flies away." 
(Pin.) This idea is evidently translated into the language of another religion 
than that of the Koreans. 

'^ Along the road were numbers of straw effigies, such as are made at New 
Year's season and sold for a few cents cash. Somewhat human in shape, about 
a foot and a half in length, each is supposed to be the likeness of some one. 
Inside is a little cash, and accompanying it is a written statement, saying 
whom it represents, with a prayer for the coming year. The object is to rid 
one's self of this as the Jews did the scapegoat. Sometimes they are burned, 
but oftener are kept till the evening of the 14th day of the first month, when 
wandering beggars come by, calling, 'Give us tchoung.' The mannikin is 
passed through the partially opened gate, it and the misfortunes of the year 
becoming the property of the old beggar, who sells his peace of soul for the 
few cash inside the tchoung." (Rev. .T. S. Gale in the Korean Repository, 
Seoul. Vol. I, No. 1, Jan., 1892.) 

Astrology is an important science in Korea. It is quite possible that the 
true explanation of the tchoung is astrological. The following table seems to 
indicate this : 

Jik Sung, official or ruling stars. 



No. 


English. 


Korean. 


Chinese. 


Translation. 


1 


Na* 


Tchoung 

Hurk 


(Na) 




2 


Saturn 


To 


Earth 


3 


Mei'cury 


Mool 


Su 


Water 


4 


Venus 


Soe 


GrUUl 


Metal 


5 


Sun 


Nal 


11 


Sxm 


6 


Mars 


Bool 


Hwa 


Fire 


7 


Ke* 


Kedo 


(Ke) 




8 


Moon 


Dal 


Wol 




9 


Jupiter 


Pul 


Mok 


Plants 













* Mr. Soh does not know to which planets or heavenly bodies these Korean names refer. 

When a Korean child attains a certain age he comes under the influence of 
the planets and in the order of the above table he falls under the sway of good or 
bad stars. The first period (tchoung) is accounted bad and hence recourse is had 
to. the expiation of the straw image, tchoung, (Soh.) 



486 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

BOOKS AND LITERATURE. 

Korean thought has always been directed through the channels oi' 
Chinese learning. There apparently never was a characteristic litera- 
ture of Korea; the whole plan of education is Chinese, and the language 
of the country, with its beautiful alphabet, is correspondingly neglected. 
Korean scholars are as proficient in the Chinese classic style as those 
of China itself. Books printed in the common character are few and 
little read. 

The education of the child begins with the alphabet. He must com- 
mit to memory the '•' Thousand Character Classic." a Chinese rhymed 
vocabulary of so many words, no two alike. For the pupil it is ar- 
ranged thus: the Chinese character, its meaning in Korean and its 
Chinese name in Korean. After reading this three times the student 
begins to write. The remainder of the course is in ordinary Chinese 
schoolbooks. (See Eoss's Corea, p. 306.) 

ScHOOLBOOK. Title, "• Elegant phrases accorded to classes, copied 
complete." Consists of the '^ Thousand Character Classic" or 
^' door," the "Hundred Family Names," *' Correct and Colloquial 
Variations of Chinese Pronunciation and Chinese Conversations in 
Chinese, Transliterated with the Korean Letters." Most of the 
book is taken up with "Chinese phrases and terms,", beginning 
with Astronomy and Meteorology, embracing many subjects, in- 
cluding Divination. 41 leaves. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77122 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Korean Book. Entitled in Chinese ''■ Sicuo Myo yo ri. Mun tap." 
Holy, excellent, important doctrine. Qiiestions and answers. 

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 77120. 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 
A catechism issued by the Jesuits. 

Sanskrit-Chinese-Korean book. Entitled ^'Pi mih Kiao," or 
'^ Secret rehgion." Made up of magical formula or dharani, written 
in a kind of Sanskrit resembling Nepalese, which to the uninitiated 
is secret or hidden. Two prefaces, one written under the nom 
deplume of '^HiaShan, pu Lao Sou," or the '^Summer Hill Old 
Vagabond," dated 1644. Second preface was written by a Bud- 
dhist monk of the monastery of Fuh Lin Shan, date July, 1652. 
Book is without title-page or colophon. Printed in Korea, on 
native paper. 

Buddhist Temple of Pong-yang, Korea, 1885. 77121 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The book begins with the " 6n-moun/' or Korean alphabet, said to have been 
invented about the eighth or ninth century of our era by a bonze named Syol- 
chongi. The sounds of this are defined by Chinese characters, for which the 
student is directed to substitute the sound of the corresponding word in the 
Korean colloquial language. The bulk of the book is taken up with prayers, 
(dharani) addressed to Avalokitshwara, and begin with 6m or om-mani padm6- 



KOREAN COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 487 

Sanskrit-Ohinese-Korean book— Continued. 

hiim. The ''secret" or ''mysterious'' characters are a moditication of the San- 
skrit alphabet ascribed to Brahma, and seem to be identical with those used in 
the Sanskrit books, said to have been brought to Japan by Kobo Daishi early 
in the ninth century.— (Dr. D. B. McCartie.) 

Manuscript Buddhist religious work. Taipo-pumo-eun-tchyang- 
kying, ' ' Parents' very precious evening-bell prayer book." Written 
in Korean characters of the square or book form. It contains 
tales of the life of Buddha for popular instruction in Buddhism; 
74 pages. 

Size, 14 by 8^ inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77123 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Grood paper and excellent writing ; most probably that of a lady. 

Manual of the four rites. The Sa-ryei-pyel-lam, a Chinese work 
giving description of the ceremonies of capping, or assuming the 
cap of manhood; marriage; death and burial, and sacrifices to 
ancestors. Four volumes. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77124 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 
This is the great Chinese handbook of etiquette. 

Korean printed book for children. A text-book used in 
schools; title, ^'The five rules of deportment" (O-run-hang-sil). 
Biographical accounts of persons, principally Chinese, who believed 
in the five moral sentiments of Confucius. Printed in Korean and 
Chinese characters; date, 1876; illustrated. 

Size, 12^ by 8i inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130585 

Collected by Ensign J, B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

The five rules are: L Honor to parents; 2. Love to brothers; 3. Love to 
neighbors and friends; 4. Love of country; 5. Love of wife and children. 
Korean children over ten years old read this book and learn morals and religion 
from it. It is the custom of the King on the 1st of January to order the head 
of the bureau of education (Mr. Kim, in this instance) to print a large number 
of copies of this work and to distribute them to the boys of the district 
schools. This ])Ook is interesting for the glimpse it gives of the Korean educa- 
tional system. 

Manuscript Korean book. ^'The war between Korea and Japan." 
(Im-jin-lok.) Clearly written in native characters on fine paper. 

Size, 9| by 7 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 130583 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This is an abridgment of an official history of the war near the close of the 
seventeenth century, in 70 volumes. The account is incorrect. 

Korean Book. ^' An account of the Eastern nations," (Ye-un.) Na- 
tive characters, paper, and style. 

Measurements, 12^ by 8 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1884. 130584 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

This book was written about ten years ago, in order to mold the rising 
sentiment in favor of Western civilization. 



488 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

Gospel of Mark (Magajim). Printed in Korea upon Japanese 
I)aper. Translated from English into Korean. 

Length, 8| inches; width, 5| inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130882 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Novel (Hung-boo jun). Printed on cheap native paper. 

Length, 19i inches ; width, 71 inches. 

Seoul, Korea. 130881 

Collected by Dr. H. N. Allen. 

Popular wonder story of the brothers Hung-bu and Nol-bu. Dramatized in 
Korea. Translated by Dr. Allen in *' Korean Fairy Tales." 

Map of Seoul, the Korean capital. Drawn by a native. Col 
ored ; very poor cartography, not drawn to scale, and having no 
profile hatchings. 

Size, 26i by 40 inches. 

Seoul, Korea, 1885. 77067 

Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. S. Navy. 

Shows Nam-san, or South Mountain, where signal fires are lighted nightly, 
also the Ponk an, or North Fortress, and the walls and gates of the city. The 
two principal streets are also shown, and the streams indicated as running- 
through the city are in reality wide ditches, in which refuse is thrown, and 
which are only thoroughly cleaned out at the time of the heavy summer rains. 
These ditches are spanned by heavy stone bridges. The extensive grounds of 
the King's palace are also shown. 






LB My '05 



